Studies in International Mediation

Studies in International Mediation brings together a number of prominent scholars in the field of international relations. The central concern of the contributors is mediation effectiveness and how best to achieve it. Within these parameters, three major themes are highlighted - the determinants of mediation success, the range and diversity of mediation in the contemporary environment, and new strategies of intervention. The contributors take a systematic approach to analyzing some significant aspects of mediation and consider the process in the overall context of conflict management.

Jacob Bercovitch is Professor of International Relations, Department of Political Science, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

List of Tables and Figures

xi

Foreword

xiii

Preface

xiv

Notes on the Contributors

xvii

List of Abbreviations

xxi

Part I Theoretical Perspectives

1

(54)

Introduction: Putting Mediation in Context

3

(22)

Jacob Bercovitch

Introduction

3

(1)

The nature of mediation

4

(4)

Motives for mediation

8

(2)

Who may mediate?

10

(4)

Mediator's roles and behavior

14

(2)

Evaluating international mediation

16

(2)

Toward more effective mediation

18

(3)

Structure of the book

21

(1)

Conclusion

22

(3)

Mediating from Strength

25

(16)

Peter J. Carnevale

Introduction

25

(2)

The shape of mediation

27

(1)

The concept of mediating strength

27

(1)

Strategic strength in mediation

28

(2)

Tactical strength in mediation

30

(2)

Strategic strength versus tactical strength

32

(1)

Implications for effectiveness in mediation

33

(2)

Questions and conclusions

35

(6)

Mediator Behavior and Success in Mediation

41

(14)

Dean G. Pruitt

Introduction

41

(1)

Conflict resolution by disputants

42

(3)

Mediator behavior

45

(2)

Disputant acceptance of and progress in mediation

47

(5)

Conclusions

52

(3)

Part II The Range of Mediation Experience

55

(110)

Quasi-Informal Mediation in the Oslo Channel: Larsen and Holst as Individual Mediators

57

(23)

Karin Aggestam

Introduction

57

(1)

Theories of international mediation

58

(2)

The Norwegian case: a combination of formal and informal processes of mediation

60

(4)

Four roles of mediation

64

(5)

The Oslo channel: a successful case of mediation?

69

(4)

Conclusion

73

(7)

Mediation by Regional Organizations: the OAU in Chad and Congo

80

(18)

I. William Zartman

Introduction

80

(4)

OAU mediation in the Libya/Chad conflict

84

(8)

Conclusions

92

(6)

International Organizations and Conflict Management: the United Nations and the Mediation of International Conflicts

98

(29)

Judith Fretter

Introduction

98

(2)

UN mediation

100

(4)

Operating under constraints

104

(4)

Mechanisms of UN mediation

108

(5)

Rank and leverage

113

(4)

UN innovations in the peaceful settlement of conflict

117

(2)

Contextual factors affecting UN mediation success

119

(3)

Conclusion

122

(5)

Great Power Mediation: Using Leverage to Make Peace?

127

(14)

Marieke Kleiboer

Introduction

127

(1)

Using leverage: international constraints

128

(5)

Using leverage: domestic constraints

133

(3)

Using leverage: a normative critique

136

(2)

Conclusion

138

(3)

Mediation by International Peacekeepers

141

(24)

James A. Wall

Daniel Druckman

Paul F. Diehl

Introduction

141

(1)

Dimensions of peacekeeping

142

(3)

Peacekeeper decision-making

145

(10)

Advice for peacekeepers

155

(3)

Conclusion: implications for civilian mediation

158

(7)

Part III Extending the Range of Mediation

165

(101)

Interactive Problem-solving: Informal Mediation by the Scholar-Practitioner

167

(27)

Herbert C. Kelman

Introduction

167

(1)

Interactive problem-solving

167

(2)

Central features of problem-solving workshops

169

(9)

Social-psychological assumptions

178

(8)

Conclusion: relevance of interactive problem-solving

186

(8)

Mediating Intermediaries: Expanding Roles of Transnational Organizations

194

(19)

Larry A. Dunn

Louis Kriesberg

Introduction

194

(1)

Trends and developments in transnational organizations

195

(1)

Stages of mediating activities

196

(6)

Special contributions and constraints of transnational organizations

202

(8)

Conclusion

210

(3)

Mediation in International Business

213

(15)

Jeswald W. Salacuse

Introduction

213

(1)

The international deal: a continuing negotiation

214

(1)

Deal-making mediation

214

(4)

Deal-managing mediation

218

(2)

Deal-mending mediation

220

(2)

Mediation in international business disputes

222

(3)

Conclusion

225

(3)

Two's Company But Is Three a Crowd? Some Hypotheses about Multiparty Mediation

228

(30)

Chester A. Crocker

Fen Osler Hampson

Pamela R. Aall

Introduction

228

(2)

Definition of multiparty mediation

230

(6)

Towards a synthesis of perspectives

236

(4)

Comparative advantage of different kinds of mediators

240

(4)

The war in the Balkans: an illustration

244

(5)

Challenges of multiparty mediation

249

(9)

Conclusion: Some Thoughts on the Process and Potential of Mediation

258

(8)

Jacob Bercovitch

Introduction

258

(1)

Initiating mediation

258

(2)

Resources and influence in mediation

260

(1)

Mediation success

261

(2)

Extending the range of mediation

263

(1)

Final thoughts

264

(2)

Name Index

266

(5)

Subject Index

271

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Studies in International Mediation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials