Subjects in the Ancient and Modern World On

Being a subject and being conscious of being one are different realities. According to Hegel, the difference is not only conceptual, but also influences people's experience of the world and of one another. This book aims to explain some basic aspects of Hegel's conception of subjectivity with particular regard to the difference he saw in ancient and modern ways of thinking about and acting as individuals, persons and moral subjects.

Allegra de Laurentiis is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

Acknowledgements

ix

List of Abbreviations

xi

Introduction

1

(12)

1 A Philosophy of the History of Philosophy

13

(26)

1.1 Movement and moments of truth

18

(11)

(i) Organicism

23

(2)

(ii) Speculation

25

(2)

(iii) Externality and inwardness

27

(2)

1.2 Logic and chronology

29

(6)

(i) A space and time for thinking

31

(2)

(ii) From knowing substance to knowing subject

33

(2)

1.3 Completions and transitions in philosophy

35

(4)

2 The Experience of Thought

39

(31)

2.1 'Enmattered forms' or thoughtful sensibility

41

(7)

2.2 Historical subjectivity and absolute subject matter

48

(6)

2.3 Reason and the rational

54

(11)

(i) Self-assertion and self-confinement of reason

56

(5)

(ii) Existing reason

61

(4)

2.4 Concepts of 'concept'

65

(5)

(i) Determinations of the understanding

65

(1)

(ii) Concepts of reason

66

(2)

(iii) A self-positing concept

68

(2)

3 Conceptualizing Thought

70

(26)

3.1 How thought differs from being and essence

72

(11)

3.2 How thought differs from itself

83

(13)

(i) Inward determination

83

(2)

(ii) Inherent negativity

85

(2)

(iii) The Concept as syllogism

87

(9)

4 Hegel's Reading of Plato's Parmenides

96

(17)

4.1 An ancient concept of 'idea'

97

(3)

4.2 With what must Plato's dialectic begin?

100

(8)

4.3 The one that is not one

108

(5)

5 Greek Moral Vocabulary: 'Shame is the greatest compulsion'

113

(36)

5.1 Apology: hearkening to the few

120

(4)

5.2 Crito: hearkening to a daimon

124

(5)

5.3 Contradiction in the city: the enemy within

129

(8)

(i) What the city lacks: a universal without individuality

131

(4)

(ii) What the slave lacks: an individual without universality

135

(2)

5.4 Gifts of fortune, not deeds of will

137

(12)

6 Dialectic Matters: Starting Out with Simple Motion

149

(30)

6.1 Potential and actual motion: Aristotle

156

(5)

(i) A continuum of continuity and discreteness

156

(3)

(ii) An intuition of infinitesimal motion

159

(2)

6.2 Pure motion: Kant

161

(7)

(i) Motion in the Phoronomy

161

(6)

(ii) Motion in the Antinomy

167

(1)

6.3 Contradiction in motion: Hegel

168

(11)

(i) Motion, grasped

169

(2)

(ii) Contradiction, subjective and objective

171

(2)

(iii) A Parmenidean beyond Parmenides

173

(6)

Notes

179

(38)

Works Cited

217

(4)

Index

221

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Subjects in the Ancient and Modern World On Hegel's Theory of Subjectivity

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