Sufis and Their Critics Before the Impact of Europe
1
(26)
The Mood of Decline
2
(2)
Sufi Reformers: Shah Wali Allah and Ahmad b. Idris
4
(7)
The Spirit of Mass Reform Within the Tariqas
11
(11)
Rejection of the Tariqas: the Arabian Wahhabis
22
(5)
The Challenge of European Anti-Sufism
27
(27)
The Lesser Jihad
29
(14)
The Greater Jihad and Worldly Constraints
43
(11)
Traditional Sufism or a Religion of Progress?
54
(32)
Sufism and European Thought in the Nineteenth Century
54
(5)
Early Islamic Modernism and Sufism
59
(15)
Sufi Orders and the Ottoman Version of Pan-Islamic Regeneration
74
(12)
The Sufism and Anti-Sufism of the Salafis
86
(26)
Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Sufi and Anti-Sufi
86
(12)
Muhammad Rashid Rida, Anti-Sufi (1865-1935)
98
(4)
The Salafiyya in the Arab Lands
102
(10)
Strengthening the Soul of the Nation
112
(28)
Ziya Gokalp (1876-1924)
112
(12)
Muhammad Iqbal (1876?-1938)
124
(16)
Contemporary Sufism and Anti-Sufism
140
(33)
Sufi Tariqas, 1950s-1960s: Decline and Continuity
140
(5)
The Tariqas and the Contemporary Islamic Revival
145
(8)
State Anti-Sufism
153
(8)
Radical Rethinking of the Way
161
(12)
Conclusion: Many Ways Towards the One
173
(3)
Bibliography
176
(7)
Index
183
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