Sugar Beet

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ISBN: 9781405119115 | 140511911X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/10/2006

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Sugar beet, alongside sugar cane is the main source of sugar across the world. The crop is grown widely in North America, across Europe, the Russian Federation, Japan and some parts of South America in a multi-billion dollar global industry.This comprehensive book provides full details of all aspects of the crop, including its agronomy, botany, harvesting and processing. Chapters are written by many experts from around the world. It is an essential purchase for anyone involved with the sugar beet crop and the sugar industry.

Contributors	p. xv
Foreword	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Acknowledgements	p. xxi
Introduction	p. 1
Origins of crop	p. 1
Production	p. 1
Crop improvement	p. 2
Where grown	p. 2
Sugar consumption	p. 4
Economics and politics	p. 5
World production of sugar from beet and cane	p. 5
Sugar beet performance	p. 6
Future	p. 7
Summary	p. 8
References	p. 8
Development of Sugar Beet	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Early domestication of beet crops	p. 9
Development of sugar beet from fodder beet	p. 11
Discovery of sugar in roots of beet	p. 11
Re-examination of beets for sugar production	p. 11
First beet sugar factory	p. 12
Achard's legacy	p. 13
Establishment of a global beet sugar industry	p. 14
Europe	p. 14
North and South America	p. 18
Asia and Africa	p. 19
Technical development of sugar beet	p. 19
Plant breeding and genetics	p. 19
Agronomy and plant protection	p. 22
Crop mechanization	p. 22
Future developments	p. 25
References	p. 27
Plant Structure and Crop Physiology	p. 30
Introduction	p. 30
Canopy development and dry matter production	p. 31
Leaf canopies and radiation interception	p. 32
Factors affecting expansion of leaf area	p. 34
Storage root development and sugar accumulation	p. 36
Storage root development	p. 36
Sugar accumulation	p. 38
Nutritional physiology and beet quality	p. 39
Nitrogen relations	p. 39
Potassium and sodium	p. 40
Reproductive development	p. 42
Physiological and agronomic aspects of bolting	p. 42
Genetic and molecular control of flowering	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
References	p. 45
Genetics and Breeding	p. 50
Introduction	p. 50
Objectives of sugar beet breeding	p. 50
Characters subjected to selection	p. 51
Morphological and anatomical characters	p. 51
Physiological characters	p. 51
Chemical characters	p. 52
The inheritance of specific characters	p. 52
Growth habit	p. 52
Self-incompatibility and self-fertility	p. 53
Male sterility	p. 54
The monogerm seed character	p. 54
Hypocotyl and root colour	p. 55
Autotetraploidy in sugar beet	p. 56
General features of polyloid sugar beet	p. 56
Cytogenetic properties of autotetraploid sugar beet	p. 56
Inheritance in autotetraploids	p. 57
Genetic background to inbreeding depression and heterosis in autotetraploids	p. 57
Response to selection in autotetraploids	p. 58
Selection methods	p. 58
Mass selection	p. 58
Progeny selection and line breeding	p. 59
Inbreeding	p. 61
Recurrent selection	p. 61
Traditional methods of variety development in sugar beet	p. 63
Diploid synthetic varieties	p. 63
Anisoploid synthetic varieties	p. 64
Background to hybrid breeding in sugar beet	p. 64
Hybrid breeding methods and development of hybrid varieties	p. 65
Development of maintainer lines (O-types) and their male sterile equivalents	p. 65
Testing for combining ability and incorporation of selected materials into hybrid varieties	p. 66
Kinds of hybrids possible	p. 68
Breeding for specific characters	p. 71
Bolting resistance	p. 71
Technological quality	p. 73
Resistance to diseases	p. 74
Resistance to pests	p. 77
The impact of plant biotechnology on sugar beet breeding	p. 78
Molecular markers	p. 78
Genomics	p. 79
Genetic transformation	p. 80
Strategies in a comprehensive hybrid breeding programme with sugar beet	p. 80
Short-term varietal production	p. 81
Intermediate-term population improvement	p. 81
Long-term genetic resources development	p. 82
References	p. 83
Seed Production and Quality	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Methods of beet seed production	p. 90
Transplanting method	p. 90
Direct production method	p. 98
Flowering, maturation and seed harvest	p. 100
Flowering	p. 100
Maturation and harvest of sugar beet seed	p. 102
Drying and cleaning	p. 105
Seed yield and propagation ratios	p. 106
Seed processing	p. 106
Monogerm seed	p. 107
Multigerm seed	p. 109
Quality testing	p. 110
Laboratory methods	p. 110
Field tests	p. 112
Seed law requirements	p. 112
References	p. 112
Soil Tillage and Crop Establishment	p. 114
Objectives of tillage	p. 114
Primary tillage	p. 114
Stubble cultivation	p. 114
Mouldboard ploughing	p. 115
Reduced tillage	p. 117
Secondary tillage, sowing and post-sowing tillage	p. 118
Requirements for seed germination and plant emergence	p. 118
Objectives of seedbed preparation	p. 119
The function of the seedbed	p. 119
Techniques and implements for seedbed preparation	p. 121
Sowing and placement of seed	p. 122
Crust formation and crust breaking	p. 122
Adaptation to local conditions	p. 123
Mechanical weed control	p. 123
Soil compaction	p. 124
Factors determining compaction	p. 124
Short-term effects of compaction	p. 124
Long-term effects of plough-layer compaction	p. 125
Subsoil compaction	p. 126
Subsoil loosening	p. 127
Protection against wind erosion	p. 128
References	p. 129
Agronomy	p. 134
Introduction	p. 134
Crop growth	p. 134
Patterns during the growing season	p. 134
Photosynthesis and growth	p. 138
Light interception and yield	p. 141
Water use, light intercepted and yield	p. 142
Harvest index	p. 144
Analysing agronomy in physiological terms	p. 145
Assessing light interception	p. 145
Sowing date	p. 145
Plant establishment and spacing	p. 148
Nutrient application	p. 154
Harvest date	p. 157
Analysing the effects of weeds and virus yellows on growth and yield	p. 159
Weeds	p. 159
Virus yellows	p. 160
Mathematical models and their uses	p. 161
References	p. 165
Nutrition - Nitrogen	p. 169
Importance	p. 169
Nitrogen uptake and concentration	p. 170
Nitrogen deficiency and its detection	p. 171
Effect of nitrogen on germination, emergence and establishment	p. 171
Effect of nitrogen on growth and yield	p. 173
Growth	p. 173
Yield	p. 174
Effect of nitrogen on root quality	p. 175
Soil supplies of nitrogen	p. 176
Effect of organic manures	p. 178
Nitrogen recommendations	p. 178
Form and application of nitrogen fertilizer	p. 179
Form of nitrogen fertilizer	p. 179
Application of nitrogen fertilizer	p. 180
Interactions with the environment	p. 180
Leaching of nitrates	p. 180
Ammonia volatilization	p. 181
Emission of nitrous oxide	p. 182
Summary and conclusions	p. 182
References	p. 183
Nutrition - Phosphorus, Sulphur, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and Micronutrients - Liming and Nutrient Deficiencies	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Past reviews	p. 185
Importance of nutrition research	p. 185
Determining nutrient needs	p. 185
Efficient use of nutrients	p. 185
Variability of nutrient status of soils	p. 186
Phosphorus	p. 186
Total phosphorus in soils	p. 187
Fate of applied phosphorus	p. 187
Available phosphorus in soils	p. 187
Mycorrhiza	p. 187
Phosphorus in sugar beet	p. 187
Response to applied phosphorus	p. 188
Time, form and method of application	p. 189
Sulphur	p. 189
Sulphur in soil	p. 189
Sulphur in plants	p. 190
Studies measuring yield response from applied sulphur	p. 190
Atmospheric deposition	p. 191
Potassium	p. 191
Potassium in soil	p. 191
Potassium in sugar beet	p. 191
Response to applied potassium	p. 193
Application recommendations based on soil test	p. 193
Sodium	p. 194
Sodium in soil	p. 194
Sodium in sugar beet	p. 194
Response to applied sodium	p. 195
Predicting sodium need by soil analysis	p. 196
Calcium	p. 196
Calcium in soil	p. 196
Calcium in sugar beet	p. 196
Dynamics of calcium in sugar beet	p. 197
Cation ratios in soils	p. 197
Magnesium	p. 198
Magnesium in soil	p. 198
Magnesium in sugar beet	p. 198
Predicting magnesium needs by soil testing	p. 199
Fertilizer sources of magnesium	p. 199
Micronutrients or trace elements	p. 199
Boron	p. 199
Boron in soil	p. 199
Additions to soils	p. 200
Boron in sugar beet	p. 200
Prediction of needs by soil analysis	p. 201
Supplying boron to sugar beet	p. 202
Residual effects of boron application	p. 202
Incidence of boron deficiency	p. 202
Manganese	p. 202
Manganese in soil	p. 202
Manganese in sugar beet	p. 203
Manganese deficiency	p. 203
Methods of soil analysis and response to manganese	p. 204
Correction of deficiency and response to applied manganese	p. 204
Copper	p. 204
Copper in soil	p. 204
Copper in sugar beet plants	p. 205
Effects of copper on sugar beet yield	p. 205
Zinc	p. 205
Zinc in soil	p. 205
Zinc in sugar beet	p. 205
Field experiments with zinc	p. 206
Iron	p. 206
Iron in soil	p. 206
Iron in plants	p. 206
Response to iron in the field	p. 206
Chlorine	p. 206
Chlorine in soils	p. 206
Chlorine in plants	p. 207
Molybdenum	p. 207
Molybdenum in soils	p. 207
Molybdenum in plants	p. 207
Response to applied molybdenum	p. 207
Soil acidity and liming	p. 208
General effects of acidity on plants	p. 208
Effects of soil pH on sugar beet	p. 208
Optimum pH	p. 208
Response to lime	p. 208
Liming materials	p. 208
Methods of determining lime requirement	p. 209
Liming in practice	p. 210
Nutrient deficiencies	p. 210
Separating deficiencies	p. 210
Nitrogen	p. 211
Phosphorus	p. 211
Potassium	p. 211
Sodium	p. 211
Magnesium	p. 211
Calcium	p. 212
Sulphur	p. 212
Boron	p. 212
Manganese	p. 213
Iron	p. 213
Zinc	p. 213
Copper	p. 214
References	p. 214
Water Use and Irrigation	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Water as a resource	p. 221
The sugar beet crop and water	p. 221
Water and physiology	p. 222
Defining the water status of plants and soils	p. 222
How plants regulate their water economy	p. 223
Plant responses to water deficit	p. 226
The root system and water uptake	p. 227
Water use by sugar beet	p. 228
Calculating evapotranspiration	p. 228
Rates of water consumption	p. 230
Models of crop growth and water use	p. 231
Some specific models	p. 232
Water use efficiency	p. 232
Irrigation management	p. 233
Irrigation programming methods	p. 234
Irrigation in northern and central European countries	p. 234
Irrigation in the Mediterranean area	p. 234
Irrigation in arid areas	p. 236
Responses to irrigation	p. 236
Yield	p. 236
Radiation use efficiency	p. 237
Harvest index	p. 237
Irrigation practices	p. 237
First irrigation	p. 237
Withdrawal of irrigation before harvest	p. 238
Irrigation frequency	p. 238
Irrigation methods	p. 239
Deficit irrigation	p. 240
The crop response factor, K[subscript y]	p. 241
Salinity	p. 241
Germination and emergence	p. 243
Irrigation and other factors	p. 243
Crop nutrition	p. 243
Plant density	p. 243
Pests and diseases	p. 243
Harvesting	p. 244
Advisory services	p. 244
Drought tolerance	p. 244
Improving sugar beet drought tolerance through plant breeding	p. 244
Describing drought tolerance in multi-environment variety trials	p. 246
References	p. 248
Virus Diseases	p. 256
Rhizomania	p. 256
Symptoms and damage	p. 257
Development and spread	p. 257
Causal agents	p. 258
Control	p. 260
Other soil-borne viruses	p. 262
Beet soil-borne	p. 262
Beet soil-borne mosaic	p. 263
Beet virus Q	p. 263
Beet oak-leaf	p. 264
Beet distortion mosaic	p. 264
Virus yellows	p. 265
Poleroviruses	p. 265
Beet yellows	p. 269
Other diseases	p. 270
Beet cryptic	p. 270
Beet curly top	p. 271
Beet leaf curl	p. 272
Beet mosaic	p. 273
Beet savoy	p. 273
Beet yellow net	p. 274
Beet yellow stunt	p. 275
Beet yellow vein	p. 275
Cucumber mosaic	p. 276
Lettuce infectious yellows	p. 277
References	p. 278
Fungal and Bacterial Diseases	p. 286
Introduction	p. 286
Seedling diseases	p. 286
Aphanomyces seedling disease	p. 286
Pythium damping-off	p. 288
Rhizoctonia damping-off	p. 288
Phoma seedling disease	p. 289
Foliar diseases	p. 290
Cercospora leaf spot	p. 290
Powdery mildew	p. 292
Downy mildew	p. 293
Rust	p. 294
Ramularia leaf spot	p. 295
Phoma leaf spot	p. 296
Alternaria leaf spot	p. 296
Beet tumour (Urophlyctis)	p. 297
Rhizoctonia foliar blight	p. 297
Root diseases	p. 297
Aphanomyces root rot	p. 297
Rhizoctonia root and crown rot	p. 298
Violet root rot	p. 299
Charcoal rot	p. 300
Phymatotrichum root rot	p. 301
Phytophthora root rot	p. 301
Pythium root rot	p. 302
Rhizopus root rot	p. 302
Southern sclerotium root rot	p. 302
Phoma root rot	p. 303
Fusarium root rot	p. 304
Fusarium yellows	p. 304
Verticillium wilt	p. 305
Bacterial diseases	p. 306
Beet vascular necrosis and rot	p. 306
Bacterial leaf spot	p. 306
Crown gall	p. 307
Scab	p. 307
Yellow wilt	p. 307
Latent rosette	p. 308
Low sugar syndrome (Basses richesses)	p. 308
References	p. 309
Pests	p. 316
Introduction	p. 316
Effects of pests on establishment, growth and yield	p. 318
Crop establishment	p. 318
Defoliation	p. 320
Foliar efficiency	p. 321
Root growth	p. 321
Disease vectors	p. 323
Distribution, biology and pathogenicity of major pests	p. 323
Nematodes	p. 323
Slugs	p. 327
Arthropods	p. 328
Vertebrate pests	p. 341
Minimizing yield losses caused by pests	p. 342
Forecasting	p. 342
Crop rotation	p. 344
Other cultural control methods	p. 344
Resistant sugar beet cultivars	p. 345
Resistant catch crops	p. 346
Beneficial organisms and biological control	p. 350
References	p. 350
Weeds and Weed Control	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Weeds	p. 359
Distribution and agricultural importance	p. 359
Biology of major weeds	p. 359
Effect of weeds on wildlife	p. 363
Weed competition and the effect of time of removal	p. 364
Weed control	p. 366
Physical methods	p. 366
Chemical methods	p. 368
Biological control	p. 377
Weed control outside the sugar beet crop	p. 377
In the rotation	p. 377
In fallow lay-by situations	p. 379
Herbicide resistance	p. 379
Crop varieties	p. 379
Weeds	p. 380
Crop injury from herbicides	p. 381
References	p. 383
Storage	p. 387
Introduction	p. 387
Respiration	p. 388
Carbohydrate impurity formation	p. 392
Invert sugars	p. 393
Raffinose	p. 394
Polysaccharide gums	p. 394
Kestoses	p. 395
Storage rots	p. 395
Crop management and growing conditions	p. 397
Reducing mechanical damage	p. 398
Storage pile management	p. 400
References	p. 403
Root Quality and Processing	p. 409
Introduction	p. 409
Historical overview of beet technical quality	p. 409
Concepts of good beet quality	p. 410
Quality parameters	p. 412
Sugar content	p. 412
Major non-sugars	p. 413
Reducing sugars	p. 418
Betaine	p. 419
Raffinose	p. 420
Dextran and levan	p. 421
Enzymes	p. 422
Marc	p. 423
Physical properties	p. 424
Tare	p. 426
Factors influencing quality	p. 428
Introduction	p. 428
Climate	p. 428
Variety	p. 429
Fertilizer	p. 429
Other agronomic factors	p. 430
Harvesting and topping	p. 431
Storage	p. 431
Factory beet handling	p. 432
Evolution of beet quality	p. 432
Conclusions	p. 434
References	p. 435
Co-products	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
Sugar beet roots	p. 443
Sugar beet tops	p. 443
Analysis and feeding value	p. 444
Feeding sugar beet tops	p. 444
Sugar beet pulp	p. 445
Characterization of sugar beet pulp	p. 445
Analysis and feeding values of sugar beet pulp	p. 446
Feeding sugar beet pulp	p. 448
Other uses of sugar beet pulp	p. 450
Sugar beet molasses	p. 451
Analysis and feeding value of sugar beet molasses	p. 451
Feeding levels of sugar beet molasses	p. 452
Other uses for sugar beet molasses	p. 453
Molassed sugar beet pulp (feed)	p. 454
Molassed pressed pulp	p. 455
Dried molassed sugar beet feed	p. 455
Enhancement of silage	p. 459
Beet vinasse	p. 460
Concluding remarks	p. 460
References	p. 460
Index	p. 465
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Sugar Beet

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