Sustainable Living : The Role of Whole Life Costs and Values

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ISBN: 9780750680639 | 0750680636
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/12/2007

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Achieving a sustainable building is not just a matter of design and construction: what happens once the building is occupied is absolutely critical. This book shows how the choices designers, developers and building users make impact on sustainability over the life span of the building. The authors show how a holistic approach considering costs, energy use, environmental impact, global warming potential as well as items which a usually disregarded such as finishes, furniture and appliances is needed to achieve best practice. * How-to assess life-time costs and environmental impact of buildings * Predict and assess the impact of user behaviour on sustainability * Uses case studies to illustrate the importance of different factors

Preface	p. ix
List of illustrations	p. x
Acknowledgements	p. xii
Construction industry and resource issues	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
The situation	p. 4
Environmental effects of energy use	p. 6
Climate change	p. 7
New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions	p. 11
Buildings and energy	p. 16
Urban development and residential constructions	p. 17
Housing in New Zealand	p. 18
Notes	p. 19
References	p. 20
Life cycle analysis	p. 23
Life cycle analysis methodology	p. 24
Definition of goal and scope	p. 24
Inventory	p. 25
Impact assessment	p. 26
Evaluation and interpretation	p. 28
Life cycle analysis of buildings	p. 30
Functional unit	p. 31
Useful life of buildings	p. 32
Life cycle energy analysis	p. 34
Embodied energy analysis	p. 34
Embodied energy analysis in New Zealand	p. 37
Operating energy analysis	p. 37
Operating energy analysis in New Zealand	p. 38
Conclusions	p. 38
References	p. 39
Life cycle energy of houses	p. 41
Energy sources	p. 41
Renewable energy	p. 42
Non-renewable energy	p. 42
Energy use	p. 43
Energy use in residential buildings	p. 46
Embodied energy	p. 47
Operating energy	p. 47
Space heating	p. 47
Water heating	p. 54
Cooking	p. 56
Lighting	p. 56
Refrigerators and freezers	p. 57
Domestic appliances	p. 57
Life cycle energy	p. 58
Recurrent embodied energy	p. 58
Domestic appliances and equipment	p. 59
Furniture	p. 59
Demolition and recycling	p. 59
Conclusions	p. 59
Notes	p. 60
References	p. 60
Life cycle costing of buildings	p. 63
Time value of money	p. 68
Inflation	p. 69
Costs in LCC	p. 69
Real costs, nominal costs and discounted costs	p. 72
Current dollars and constant dollars	p. 75
Discount rate	p. 76
Investment appraisal methods used for LCC	p. 78
Net present value method	p. 79
Annual equivalent value method	p. 80
Prediction errors and risk management	p. 81
Conclusions	p. 84
References	p. 86
Environmental impact assessment	p. 88
Development and the ecosystem	p. 88
Carrying capacity	p. 90
Environmental impact assessment	p. 91
Limits to growth	p. 91
Human appropriation of net primary productivity	p. 91
IPAT formula	p. 92
Ecological footprint calculation	p. 93
Environmental impacts of building construction	p. 96
Global atmospheric pollution	p. 97
Local environmental effects	p. 101
Impact of climate change on buildings	p. 102
Environmental impact assessment of buildings	p. 102
Conclusions	p. 108
Notes	p. 109
References	p. 110
Life cycle analysis model, results and lessons	p. 113
Development of a New Zealand model	p. 115
A life cycle analysis model for New Zealand houses	p. 116
Establishing the knowledge base of the model	p. 117
Generic construction types based on the elements of a house	p. 117
Embodied energy of NZ building materials, domestic appliances and furniture	p. 125
Replacement cycles for building elements/materials, appliances and furniture for a New Zealand house	p. 128
Installed prices of building materials/components and price of energy used in a New Zealand house	p. 136
Operating energy requirements of space conditioning, appliances, lighting and hot-water system	p. 137
Greenhouse gas emissions due to NZ building materials, appliances and furniture	p. 140
Environmental impacts other than greenhouse gases due to construction	p. 143
User interface of the model	p. 145
Inference engine of the model	p. 146
Notes	p. 146
References	p. 147
Life cycle performance of an average New Zealand house	p. 150
Average NZ house	p. 150
Common design used for the New Zealand house	p. 151
Foundations	p. 153
Doors and windows	p. 153
Electrical services	p. 154
Plumbing and sanitary fittings	p. 155
Domestic appliances and furniture	p. 156
Operating energy requirements	p. 156
Life cycle energy analysis of an NZ house - model results	p. 158
Life cycle cost analysis of NZ house - model results	p. 177
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions analysis of the NZ house - model results	p. 184
Life cycle environmental impact analysis of an NZ house - model results	p. 189
Conclusions	p. 192
Notes	p. 194
References	p. 195
Life cycle assessment results and the building user	p. 197
Operating energy	p. 197
Building characteristics	p. 197
Building insulation during refurbishment	p. 200
Ventilation	p. 202
Lighting	p. 204
Hot water	p. 205
Appliances	p. 205
Embodied and maintenance energy	p. 206
Finishes	p. 206
Furniture	p. 208
Guidelines on dealing with the issues	p. 209
Conclusion	p. 210
Notes	p. 210
References	p. 211
	p. 212
	p. 214
	p. 220
Index	p. 226
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Sustainable Living : The Role of Whole Life Costs and Values

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