The Syntax-Morphology Interface: A Study of

This pioneering book provides a full-length study of inflectional syncretism, presenting a typology of its occurrence across a wide range of languages.

Preface

xv

List of abbreviations and symbols

xvii

Introduction

1

(12)

History of the notion

3

(1)

Delimiting the notion of syncretism

4

(3)

Scope of the investigation

7

(2)

Typological methodology

7

(1)

Selection of forms

8

(1)

Accidental versus systematic homophony

9

(1)

Using this book

10

(3)

Supporting materials

10

(1)

Glossing conventions

11

(1)

Structure of the book

12

(1)

Characteristics of syncretism

13

(24)

Syncretic paradigms

13

(4)

Types

13

(4)

Implications

17

(1)

Domains of comparison

17

(6)

Morphological classes

17

(2)

Feature values

19

(4)

Morphological characteristics

23

(4)

A typology of interpretations

27

(8)

Syncretism as neutralization

28

(2)

Syncretism as uninflectedness

30

(3)

Canonical syncretism

33

(2)

Conclusion

35

(2)

Cross-linguistic typology of features

37

(89)

Case

38

(19)

Introduction

38

(2)

Types of case syncretism

40

(16)

Conclusion

56

(1)

Person

57

(18)

Introduction

57

(2)

Patterns of syncretism

59

(4)

Directional effects

63

(7)

Diachrony

70

(5)

Summary

75

(1)

Person syncretism in two-place verbs

75

(6)

Introduction

75

(1)

Syncretism of subject person

76

(3)

Syncretism of object person

79

(1)

Other patterns

80

(1)

Summary

81

(1)

Gender

81

(11)

Introduction

81

(1)

Gender and number

82

(1)

Smaller systems

83

(3)

Larger systems

86

(4)

Syncretism restricted by target

90

(1)

Summary

91

(1)

Number

92

(3)

Introduction

92

(1)

Values

93

(1)

Directionality

94

(1)

Summary

95

(1)

Tense-aspect-mood

95

(8)

Introduction

95

(1)

Affix suppression

96

(4)

Syncretic affixes

100

(1)

Compound systems

101

(2)

Summary

103

(1)

Polarity effects

103

(8)

Introduction

103

(2)

Morphological systematicity

105

(3)

Semantic systematicity

108

(3)

Summary

111

(1)

The interaction of features

111

(13)

Introduction

111

(1)

Syncretisms and their contexts

112

(1)

Nominal feature interactions

113

(1)

Typologies of interaction

113

(1)

Exploring interaction

114

(4)

Constraints on nominal features

118

(1)

Verbal feature interactions

119

(1)

Verbal paradigms

120

(1)

Exploring the verb data

121

(2)

Interpreting the generalisations

123

(1)

Number, case and gender on nominals

123

(1)

TAM and agreement on verbs

123

(1)

Summary

124

(1)

Conclusion

124

(2)

Formal representation

126

(45)

Introduction

126

(1)

Defining sets of values

126

(7)

Natural classes

126

(5)

Unnatural classes

131

(1)

A note on polarity effects

132

(1)

Symmetrical versus directional rules

133

(17)

Convergent bidirectional syncretism

136

(3)

Divergent bidirectional syncretism

139

(5)

Symmetrical versus directional rules: a summary

144

(1)

Ranked constraints as an alternative to directional syncretism

145

(5)

Possible constraints on syncretism

150

(16)

Variants on hierarchical structures

150

(1)

Carstairs (1987), Carstairs-McCarthy (1998a, b)

151

(9)

Impoverishment

160

(3)

Stump (2001) and Zwicky (2000)

163

(3)

Summary

166

(5)

Predictions and counter-examples

166

(3)

Towards a model of syncretism

169

(2)

Formal framework and case studies

171

(48)

Network Morphology and syncretism

172

(11)

Inferential-realizational theories and morphology

175

(2)

Default inheritance

177

(3)

Underspecification and semantic naturalness

180

(2)

Systematicity in Network Morphology

182

(1)

Case study 1: Dhaasanac

183

(3)

Case study 2: The Dalabon verbal system

186

(18)

The structure of the Dalabon intransitive paradigm

187

(1)

The Dalabon transitive paradigm and the inadequacy of underspecification

188

(6)

The Dalabon transitive paradigm: a generalized referral analysis

194

(5)

The verbal hierarchy

199

(1)

The shape of the verbal paradigm

200

(3)

Referral of 1 > 2SG to 3 > 2SG

203

(1)

Referral of 2 > 1 to 3 > 1

203

(1)

Dalabon: summing up

203

(1)

Case study 3: The Russian nominal system

204

(13)

Domains of syncretism

206

(1)

Phonologically determined `syncretism'

206

(1)

Lexically determined syncretism

206

(1)

Morphologically determined syncretism

207

(6)

Candidates for syntactically determined syncretism

213

(3)

Orthogonal specification of syncretism

216

(1)

Conclusion

217

(2)

Conclusion

219

(4)

Taking stock

219

(1)

Results

220

(1)

Consequences

221

(2)

Appendix 1: Case syncretism in the World Atlas of Language Structures sample

223

(5)

Appendix 2: Person syncretism in the World Atlas of Language Structures sample

228

(5)

Appendix 3: Syncretism in two-place verbs in the World Atlas of Language Structures corpus

233

(3)

Appendix 4: DATR fragment for Dhasaanac case study

236

(6)

Appendix 5: DATR fragment for Dalabon case study

242

(6)

Appendix 6: DATR fragment for Russian case study

248

(6)

References

254

(17)

Author index

271

(4)

Language index

275

(4)

Subject index

279

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The Syntax-Morphology Interface: A Study of Syncretism

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials