TERRORISM: COMMENTARY ON SECURITY DOCUMENTS VOLUME 141 Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat

Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare", and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces.

This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.

Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr., is the Director of the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College. Earlier in his military career, he worked on national security directives. He holds an MBA degree from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and a J.D. from Widener School of Law.

Preface

A. THE SHIFTING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

Commentary by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.

DOCUMENT NO. 1: A Shift in the International Security Environment: Potential Implications for Defense--Issues for Congress, CRS Report No. R43838, Ronald O'Rourke, July 14, 2015

B. UNDERSTANDING HYBRID WARFARE AND GRAY ZONE THREATS

Commentary by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.

DOCUMENT NO. 2: Hybrid Warfare, Timothy B. McCulloh and Richard Johnson, Joint Special Operations University, MacDill Air Force Base, FL, August 2013

DOCUMENT NO. 3: Hybrid Warfare, Davi M. D'Agostino, Government Accountability Office Report to the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., September 10, 2010

DOCUMENT NO. 4: SOF Support to Political Warfare, White Paper, United States Army Special Operations Command, March 10, 2015

C. CYBERSECURITY AND OPERATIONS

Commentary by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.

DOCUMENT NO. 5: Cyber Operations in DOD Policy and Plans: Issues for Congress, CRS Report No. R43848, Catherine A. Theohary and Anne I. Harrington, January 5, 2015

DOCUMENT NO. 6: CYBERSECURITY: Actions Needed to Address Challenges Facing Federal Systems, Testimony Before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, Statement of Gregory C. Wilshusen, Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., April 22, 2015

DOCUMENT NO. 7: CYBERSECURITY: Recent Data Breaches Illustrate Need for Strong Controls Across Federal Agencies, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, Statement of Gregory C. Wilshusen, Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., June 24, 2015

DOCUMENT NO. 8: Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism: In Brief, CRS Report No. R43955, Catherine A. Theohary and John W. Rollins, March 27, 2015

D. THE EFFICACY OF SANCTIONS IN AVOIDING HYBRID WARFARE AND DETERRING GRAY ZONE THREATS

Commentary by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.

DOCUMENT NO. 9: NONPROLIFERATION: State Should Minimize Reporting Delays That May Affect Sanctions on Trade with Iran, North Korea, and Syria, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., May 2015

DOCUMENT NO. 10: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS: United States Has Increased Flexibility to Impose Sanctions, but United Nations Is Impeded by a Lack of Member State Reports, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., May 2015

E. THE MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

Commentary by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.

DOCUMENT NO. 11: CIVIL SUPPORT: DOD Is Taking Action to Strengthen Support of Civil Authorities, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, Statement of Joseph W. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., June 10, 2015

DOCUMENT NO. 12: The "1033 Program," Department of Defense Support to Law Enforcement, CRS Report No. R43701, Daniel H. Else, August 28, 2014

DOCUMENT NO. 13: The "Militarization" of Law Enforcement and the Department of Defense's "1033 Program," Nathan James and Daniel H. Else, CRS Insights, December 2, 2014