Theory and Practice of Perspective

, by G. A. Storey

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ISBN: 9780486449074 | 0486449076
Cover: Trade Paper
Copyright: 2/10/2006

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Summary

This authoritative guide helps artists at all levels tackle one of art's most difficult challenges: the accurate re-creation of natural perspective. Through hundreds of concise chapters covering a vast range of subjects, readers learn how to reproduce shape, distance, proportion, shade, shadow, reflection, and other elements in two-dimensional works. 301 illustrations.

BOOK I THE NECESSITY OF THE STUDY OF PERSPECTIVE TO PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, AND ARCHITECTS WHAT IS PERSPECTIVE?

(36)

THE THEORY OF PERSPECTIVE:

I. Definitions.

(2)

II. The Point of Sight, the Horizon, and the Point of Distance

(1)

III. Point of Distance.

(4)

IV. Perspective of a Point, Visual Rays, &c.

(1)

V. Trace and Projection

(1)

VI. Scientific Definition of Perspective

(2)

RULES:

VII. The Rules and Conditions of Perspective

(16)

VIII. A Table or Index of the Rules of Perspective

BOOK II THE PRACTICE OF PERSPECTIVE:

IX. The Square in Parallel Perspective

(1)

X. The Diagonal

(1)

XI. The Square

(3)

XII. Geometrical and Perspective Figures Contrasted

(2)

XIII. Of Certain Terms made use of in Perspective

(1)

XIV. How to Measure Vanishing or Receding Lines

(1)

XV. How to Place Squares in Given Positions

(1)

XVI. How to Draw Pavements, &c.

(2)

XVII. Of Squares placed Vertically and at Different Heights, or the Cube in Parallel Perspective

(1)

XVIII. The Transposed Distance

(1)

XIX. The Front View of the Square and of the Proportions of Figures at Different Heights

(5)

XX. Of Pictures that are Painted according to the Position they are to Occupy

(3)

XXI. Interiors

(2)

XXII. The Square at an Angle of 45°

(1)

XXIII. The Cube at an Angle of 45°

(1)

XXIV. Pavements Drawn by Means of Squares at 45°

(2)

XXV. The Perspective Vanishing Scale

(1)

XXVI. The Vanishing Scale can be Drawn to any Point on the Horizon

(2)

XXVII. Application of Vanishing Scales to Drawing Figures

(1)

XXVIII. How to Determine the Heights of Figures on a Level Plane

(1)

XXIX. The Horizon above the Figures

(2)

XXX. Landscape Perspective

(1)

XXXI. Figures of Different Heights. The Chessboard

(3)

XXXII. Application of the Vanishing Scale to Drawing Figures at an Angle when their Vanishing Points are Inaccessible or Outside the Picture

(1)

XXXIII. The Reduced Distance. How to Proceed when the Point of Distance is Inaccessible

(1)

XXXIV. How to Draw a Long Passage or Cloister by Means of the Reduced Distance

(1)

XXXV. How to Form a Vanishing Scale that shall give the Height, -Depth, and Distance of any Object in the Picture

(2)

XXXVI. Measuring Scale on Ground

(3)

XXXVII. Application of the Reduced Distance and the Vanishing Scale to Drawing a Lighthouse, &c.

(1)

XXXVIII. How to Measure Long Distances such as a Mile or Upwards

(2)

XXXIX. Further Illustration of Long Distances and Extended Views

(1)

XL. How to Ascertain the Relative Heights of Figures on an Inclined Plane

(1)

XLI. How to Find the Distance of a Given Figure or Point from the Base Line

(1)

XLII. How to Measure the Height of Figures on Uneven Ground

(1)

XLIII. Further Illustration of the Size of Figures at Different Distances and on Uneven Ground

(1)

XLIV. Figures on a Descending Plane

(3)

XLV. Further Illustration of the Descending Plane

(1)

XLVI. Further Illustration of Uneven Ground

(1)

XLV II. The Picture Standing on the Ground

(1)

XLVIII. The Picture on a Height

(1)

BOOK III

XLIX. Angular Perspective

(1)

L. How to put a Given Point into Perspective

(1)

LI. A Perspective Point being given, Find its Position on the Geometrical Plane

100

(1)

LII. How to put a Given Line into Perspective

101

(1)

LIII. To Find the Length of a Given Perspective Line

102

(1)

LIV. To Find these Points when the Distance-Point is Inaccessible

103

(1)

LV. How to put a Given Triangle or other Rectilineal Figure into Perspective

104

(1)

LVI. How to put a Given Square into Angular Perspective

105

(1)

LVII. Of Measuring Points

106

(1)

LVIII. How to Divide any Given Straight Line into Equal or Proportionate Parts

107

(1)

LIX. How to Divide a Diagonal Vanishing Line into any Number of Equal or Proportional Parts

107

(3)

LX. Further Use of the Measuring Point O

110

(1)

LXI. Further Use of the Measuring Point O

110

(2)

LXII. Another Method of Angular Perspective, being that Adopted in our Art Schools

112

(3)

LXIII. Two Methods of Angular Perspective in one Figure

115

(1)

LXIV. To Draw a Cube, the Points being Given

115

(1)

LXV. Amplification of the Cube Applied to Drawing a Cottage

116

(1)

LXVI. How to Draw an Interior at an Angle

117

(1)

LXVII. How to Correct Distorted Perspective by Doubling the Line of Distance

118

(1)

LXVIII. How to Draw a Cube on a Given Square, using only One Vanishing Point

119

(1)

LXIX. A Courtyard or Cloister Drawn with One Vanishing Point

120

(1)

LXX. How to Draw Lines which shall Meet at a Distant Point, by Means of Diagonals

121

(1)

LXXI. How to Divide a Square Placed at an Angle into a Given Number of Small Squares

122

(1)

LXXII. Further Example of how to Divide a Given Oblique Square into a Given Number of Equal Squares, say Twenty-five

122

(2)

LXXIII. Of Parallels and Diagonals

124

(1)

LXXIV. The Square, the Oblong, and their Diagonals

125

(1)

LXXV. Showing the Use of the Square and Diagonals in Drawing Doorways, Windows, and other Architectural Features

126

(1)

LXXVI. How to Measure Depths by Diagonals

127

(1)

LXXVII. How to Measure Distances by the Square and Diagonal

128

(1)

LXXVIII. How by Means of the Square and Diagonal we can Determine the Position of Points in Space

129

(2)

LXXIX. Perspective of a Point Placed in any Position within the Square

131

(2)

LXXX. Perspective of a Square Placed at an Angle. New Method

133

(1)

LXXXI. On a Given Line Placed at an Angle to the Base Draw a Square in Angular Perspective, the Point of Sight, and Distance, being given

134

(1)

LXXXII. How to Draw Solid Figures at any Angle by the New Method

135

(2)

LXXXIII. Points in Space

137

(1)

LXXXIV. The Square and Diagonal Applied to Cubes and Solids Drawn Therein

138

(1)

LXXXV. To Draw an Oblique Square in Another Oblique Square without Using Vanishing-points

139

(2)

LXXXVI. Showing how a Pedestal can be Drawn by the New Method

141

(2)

LXXXVII. Scale on Each Side of the Picture

143

(2)

LXXXVIII. The Circle

145

(1)

LXXXIX. The Circle in Perspective a True Ellipse

145

(1)

XC. Further Illustration of the Ellipse

146

(2)

XCI. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective Without a Geometrical Plan.

148

(3)

XCII. How to Draw a Circle in Angular Perspective

151

(1)

XCIII. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective more Correctly, by Using Sixteen Guiding Points

152

(1)

XCIV. How to Divide a Perspective Circle into any Number of Equal Parts

153

(1)

XCV. How to Draw Concentric Circles

154

(2)

XCVI. The Angle of the Diameter of the Circle in Angular and Parallel Perspective

156

(1)

XCVII. How to Correct Disproportion in the Width of Columns

157

(1)

XCVIII. How to Draw a Circle over a Circle or a Cylinder

158

(1)

XCIX. To Draw a Circle Below a Given Circle

159

(1)

C. Application of Previous Problem

160

(1)

CI. Doric Columns

161

(1)

CII. To Draw Semicircles Standing upon a Circle at any Angle

162

(1)

CIII. A Dome Standing on a Cylinder

163

(1)

CIV. Section of a Dome or Niche

164

(3)

CV. A Dome

167

(2)

CVI. How to Draw Columns Standing in a Circle

169

(1)

CVII. Columns and Capitals

170

(1)

CVIII. Method of Perspective Employed by Architects

170

(2)

CIX. The Octagon

172

(1)

CX. How to Draw the Octagon in Angular Perspective

173

(1)

CXI. How to Draw an Octagonal Figure in Angular Perpective

174

(1)

CXII. How to Draw Concentric Octagons, with Illustration of a Well

174

(2)

CXIII. A Pavement Composed of Octagons and Small Squares

176

(1)

CXIV. The Hexagon

177

(1)

CXV. A Pavement Composed of Hexagonal Tiles

178

(3)

CXVI. A Pavement of Hexagonal Tiles in Angular Perspective

181

(1)

CXVII. Further Illustration of the Hexagon

182

(1)

CXVIII. Another View of the Hexagon in Angular Perspective

183

(2)

CXIX. Application of the Hexagon to Drawing a Kiosk

185

(1)

CXX. The Pentagon

186

(3)

CXXI. The Pyramid

189

(2)

CXXII. The Great Pyramid

191

(2)

CXXIII. The Pyramid in Angular Perspective

193

(1)

CXXIV. To Divide the Sides of the Pyramid Horizontally

193

(2)

CXXV. Of Roofs

195

(3)

CXXVI. Of Arches, Arcades, Bridges, &c.

198

(2)

CXXVII. Outline of an Arcade with Semicircular Arches

200

(1)

CXXVIII. Semicircular Arches on a Retreating Plane

201

(1)

CXXIX. An Arcade in Angular Perspective

202

(1)

CXXX. A Vaulted Ceiling

203

(3)

CXXXI. A Cloister, from a Photograph

206

(1)

CXXXII. The Low or Elliptical Arch

207

(1)

CXXXIII. Opening or Arched Window in a Vault

208

(1)

CXXXIV. Stairs, Steps, &c.

209

(1)

CXXXV. Steps, Front View

210

(1)

CXXXVI. Square Steps

211

(1)

CXXXVII. To Divide an Inclined Plane into Equal Parts—such as a Ladder Placed against a Wall

212

(1)

CXXXVIII. Steps and the Inclined Plane

213

(1)

CXXXIX. Steps in Angular Perspective

214

(2)

CXL. A Step Ladder at an Angle

216

(1)

CXLI. Square Steps Placed over each other

217

(1)

CXLII. Steps and a Double Cross Drawn by Means of Diagonals and one Vanishing Point

218

(3)

CXLIII. A Staircase Leading to a Gallery

221

(1)

CXLIV. Winding Stairs in a Square Shaft

222

(3)

CXLV. Winding Stairs in a Cylindrical Shaft

225

(2)

CXLVI. Of the Cylindrical Picture or Diorama

227

(2)

BOOK IV

CXLVII. The Perspective of Cast Shadows

229

(1)

CXLVIII. The Two Kinds of Shadows

230

(2)

CXLIX. Shadows Cast by the Sun

232

(1)

CL. The Sun in the Same Plane as the Picture

233

(1)

CLI. The Sun Behind the Picture

234

(4)

CLII. Sun Behind the Picture, Shadows Thrown on a Wall

238

(2)

CLIII. Sun Behind the Picture Throwing Shadow on an Inclined Plane

240

(1)

CLIV. The Sun in Front of the Picture

241

(3)

CLV. The Shadow of an Inclined Plane

244

(1)

CLVI. Shadow on a Roof or Inclined Plane

245

(1)

CLVII. To Find the Shadow of a Projection or Balcony on a Wall

246

(1)

CLVIII. Shadow on a Retreating Wall, Sun in Front

247

(2)

CLIX. Shadow of an Arch, Sun in Front

249

(1)

CLX. Shadow in a Niche or Recess

250

(1)

CLXI. Shadow in an Arched Doorway

251

(1)

CLXII. Shadows Produced by Artificial Light

252

(1)

CLXIII. Some Observations on Real Light and Shade

253

(4)

CLXIV. Reflection

257

(2)

CLXV. Angles of Reflection

259

(1)

CLXVI. Reflections of Objects at Different Distances

260

(2)

CLXVII. Reflection in a Looking-glass

262

(2)

CLXVIII. The Mirror at an Angle

264

(2)

CLXIX. The Upright Mirror at an Angle of 45° to the Wall

266

(3)

CLXX. Mental Perspective

269

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Theory and Practice of Perspective

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