THiNK
, by Boss, JudithNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780078038433 | 007803843X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/13/2014
THiNK offers instructors core content and pedagogy in a succinct magazine format that teaches them the importance of overcoming feelings and opinions to commit to positions based on reason and logic. Boss’s 3rd edition is powered by Connect Critical Thinking, a state of the art digital learning environment that helps you connect your students to their coursework. Whether accessing online homework and quizzes, or assigning SmartBook and LearnSmart, the first and only adaptive learning experience, Connect provides a complete digital solution for your classroom. With extensive opportunity for application and practice, and groundbreaking digital content, THiNK directs students to make connections between skill development and apply it to their college studies, careers, and personal lives.
TABLE OF CONTENTSWhat is Critical Thinking?
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why It's Important
What is Critical Thinking?Critical Thinking in Everyday LifeCognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical SkillsEffective CommunicationResearch and Inquiry SkillsFlexibility and Tolerance for AmbiguityOpen-minded SkepticismCreative Problem SolvingAttention, Mindfulness, and CuriosityCollaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-DevelopmentLiving the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical SkillsEffective CommunicationResearch and Inquiry SkillsFlexibility and Tolerance for AmbiguityOpen-minded SkepticismCreative Problem SolvingAttention, Mindfulness, and CuriosityCollaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-DevelopmentLiving the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Research and Inquiry SkillsFlexibility and Tolerance for AmbiguityOpen-minded SkepticismCreative Problem SolvingAttention, Mindfulness, and CuriosityCollaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-DevelopmentLiving the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Open-minded SkepticismCreative Problem SolvingAttention, Mindfulness, and CuriosityCollaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-DevelopmentLiving the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Attention, Mindfulness, and CuriosityCollaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-DevelopmentLiving the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Living the Self-Examined LifeDeveloping a Rational Life PlanFacing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Facing ChallengesThe Importance of Self-EsteemCritical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of ThinkingResistanceTypes of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Types of ResistanceNarrow-mindednessRationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Rationalization and DoublethinkCognitive and Social DissonanceStress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of ReasonGender, Age, and Reason Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical ThinkingCultural Attitudes Toward EmotionEmotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion Negative Effects of EmotionIntegrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial IntelligenceCan Computers Think?Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends ReasonRationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are CompatibleReligion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of LanguageNonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative MeaningsStipulative DefinitionsLexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Lexical DefinitionsPrecising DefinitionsPersuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of CommunicationSex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication StylesThe Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive LanguageRhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Rhetorical DevicesDeception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College CampusesChapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and EmpiricismThe Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False MemoriesThe Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal EvidenceExperts and CredibilityEvaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Evaluating Evidence for a ClaimResearch Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual ErrorsMisperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Misperception of Random DataMemorable Events ErrorProbability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Probability ErrorSelf-Serving BiasesSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" ErrorSocietal ExpectationsGroup Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Group Pressure and ConformityDiffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Fallacies of Ambiguity
EquivocationAmphibolyFallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Fallacy of AccentFallacy of DivisionFallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) FallacyAppeal to Force (Scare Tactics)Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Appeal to PityPopular AppealAppeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Appeal to IgnoranceHasty GeneralizationStraw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Straw ManRed Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the QuestionInappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Inappropriate Appeal to AuthorityLoaded QuestionFalse DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
False DilemmaQuestionable CauseSlippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Slippery SlopeNaturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding FallaciesCritical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an IssueAsking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and RhetoricTypes of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Types of ArgumentsPropositionsPremises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Premises and ConclusionsNonarguments: Explanations and Conditional StatementsBreaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Breaking Down and Diagramming ArgumentsBreaking Down an Argument into Propositions Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex ArgumentsDiagramming an Argument
Evaluating ArgumentsClarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous? Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?Constructing an ArgumentSteps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Steps for Constructing an ArgumentUsing Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make GeneralizationsApplying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Applying Generalizations to Particular CasesEvaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of AnalogiesArguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Arguments Based on AnalogiesAnalogies as Tools for Refuting ArgumentsEvaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal RelationshipsCorrelationsEstablishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Establishing Causal RelationshipsCausal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision MakingEvaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Deductive Reasoning and SyllogismsValid and Invalid ArgumentsSound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Sound and Unsound ArgumentsTypes of Deductive ArgumentsArguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Arguments by EliminationArguments Based on MathematicsArguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Arguments from DefinitionHypothetical SyllogismsModus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Modus PonensModus Tollens
Chain ArgumentsEvaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity Categorical SyllogismsStandard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Standard-Form Categorical SyllogismsQuantity and QualityDiagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Diagramming Propositions with Venn DiagramsUsing Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical SyllogismsTranslating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard FormRewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-FormIdentifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Identifying the Three Terms in the ArgumentPutting the Argument in Standard FormCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death PenaltyChapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
What is Moral Reasoning?Moral Values and HappinessConscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Conscience and Moral SentimentThe Development of Moral ReasoningLawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral DevelopmentCarol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning WomenThe Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College StudentsMoral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Ethical SubjectivismCultural RelativismMoral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)Rights-Based ethicsVirtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Virtue EthicsMoral ArgumentsRecognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Recognizing Moral ArgumentsConstructing Moral Arguments Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Evaluating Moral ArgumentsResolving Moral DilemmasCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on AbortionChapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Marketing in a Consumer CultureMarketing ResearchAvoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in ThinkingMarketing StrategiesThe SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The SWOT ModelConsumer Awareness of Marketing StrategiesAdvertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Advertising and the MediaThe Role of Advertising in the MediaProduct PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Product PlacementTelevision Advertising and ChildrenEvaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Evaluating AdvertisementsCommon Fallacies in AdvertisementsRhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading LanguageFaulty and Weak ArgumentsA Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
A Critique of AdvertisingCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Mass Media in the United StatesThe Rise of Mass MediaThe Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Media TodayThe News MediaSensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Sensationalism and the News as EntertainmentDepth of News AnalysisBias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Bias in the NewsScience ReportingMisrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Misrepresentation of Scientific FindingsGovernment Influence and BiasEvaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Evaluating Scientific ReportsThe InternetImpact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Impact of the Internet on Daily LifeSocial NetworkingThe Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking ApproachExperiencing the MediaInterpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Interpreting Media MessagesCritical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: ScienceWhat is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
What is Science?The Scientific RevolutionAssumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Assumptions Underlying ScienceLimitations of ScienceScience and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Science and ReligionThe Scientific Method1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
1. Identify the Problem2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis4. Test the Hypothesis5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental ResultsEvaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Relevance to the Problem Under StudyConsistency with Well-Established TheoriesSimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
SimplicityTestability and FalsifiabilityPredictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Predictive PowerDistinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific HypothesesResearch Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Research Methodology and Scientific ExperimentsResearch Methodology and DesignField ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Field ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsSingle Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) ExperimentsEvaluating an Experimental DesignInterpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Interpreting Experimental ResultsEthical Concerns in Scientific ExperimentationThomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific ParadigmsNormal Science and ParadigmsScientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm ShiftsCritical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent DesignChapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Chapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The State of NatureSocial Contract TheoryInternational LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
International LawThe Development of Democracy in the United StatesRepresentative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual RightsPolitical Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Political Campaigns and ElectionsVoting: A Right or a Duty?The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Executive Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Executive BranchExecutive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Executive Orders and National SecurityChecks on Executive PowerThe Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Legislative Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Legislative BranchCitizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Citizens and LegislationUnjust Laws and Civil DisobedienceThe Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
The Judicial Branch of GovernmentThe Role of the Judicial BranchRules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Rules of EvidenceLegal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal PrecedentJury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Jury DutyCritical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
Solutions ManualGlossaryNotesCreditsIndex
NotesCreditsIndex
Index
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