The Tibetan Independence Movement: Political,

The first serious analysis of the Tibetan independence movement, this book is also the first to view the struggle from a comparative perspective, making an overt comparison with the Indian independence movement.

Jane Ardley is Lecturer in Politics at the School of Politics, International Relations and the Environment, Keele University.

Preface

vii

Glossary

ix

Introduction

1

(2)

The Study of Politics and the case of Tibet

3

(3)

Tibet: Religion, Resistance and the State

6

(21)

The Chinese Inveasion and Consolidation of Rule

6

(3)

Culture and Politics

9

(7)

The Political Influence of the Mansteries

16

(5)

Religion, Resistance and Protest: an Overview

21

(6)

Resistance in Tibet: Violence and Exile

27

(19)

The First Phase of Tibetan Resistance

28

(7)

The 1959 Lbase Uprising

35

(2)

Mustang: the Final Phase of Armed Resistance

37

(3)

Why the Guerrilla Movement Failed

40

(2)

The Tibetan Government in Exile

42

(4)

`Our Demand is Cheap': Fasting for the Futur of Tibet

46

(22)

The 1998 Tibetan Bunger Strike

47

(4)

Can Self-Harming be Rationalised?

51

(10)

Justifying the Hunger Strike

61

(3)

Implications for the Future

64

(4)

`My Life is My Message': the GAndhian Paradigm

68

(27)

The Principles of Satyagraha

69

(3)

The Birth of Satyagraha

72

(2)

The Types of Satyagraha

74

(9)

Self-Renewal Amongst Tibetan Exiles

83

(7)

Criticisms and Limitations of Satyagraha

90

(2)

Satyagraha in Tibet?

92

(3)

Spirituality and Politics: the Gandhian and Tibetan Cases

95

(23)

The Religious Origins of Satyagraha

96

(4)

The Gandhian re-Interpretation of Karmayoga

100

(4)

Gandhi and Jainism

104

(2)

The Middle Way position of the Dalai Lama

106

(4)

The Satyagraha of Samdhong Rinpoche

110

(6)

A Buddhist Satyagraha?

116

(2)

The Indian path to independence: From Colonialism to Nationalism

118

(17)

Why Examine the Indian Case?

118

(2)

The Consolidation of British rule in India

120

(4)

The Mutiny: Causes and Consequences

124

(3)

The Developent of the British Empire 1858-1914

127

(8)

Towards Partition in India: Lessons for Politis and Religions

135

(28)

The Impact of World War One in India

136

(5)

India Between the Wars

141

(9)

Towards Division: India in the 1940s

150

(10)

Indian Solutins to a Tibetan Problem?

160

(3)

Conclusion: Politica Lessons for Tibet

163

(19)

Shangri-La-Ism Versus Reality

166

(2)

What Tibet can Learn from India

168

(3)

Religion, Resistance and Democracy

171

(7)

Tibet: the Future

178

(4)

Notes

182

(17)

Bibliography

199

(7)

Index

206

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The Tibetan Independence Movement: Political, Religious and Gandhian Perspectives

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials