Tiresian Poetics Modernism, Sexuality, Voice, 1888-2001

Blind seer, articulate dead, and mythic transsexual, the figure of Tiresias has always represented a liminal identity and forms of knowledge associated with the crossing of epistemological and ontological boundaries. In twentieth-century literature, the boundaries crossed and embodied by Tiresias are primarily sexual, and the liminal and usually prophetic knowledge associated with Tiresias is based in sexual difference and sexual pleasure. Indeed, in literature of the twentieth century, Tiresias has.com e to function as a cultural shorthand for queer sexualties. This book argues for the emergence of a Tiresian poetics at the end of the nineteenth century. As Victorian and modernist writers re-imagined Ovid's tale of sex change and sexual judgment, they also created a poetics that grounded artistic or performance power in figures of sexual difference- most often a feminized, often homosexual male body, which this study links to the developing discourses of homosexuality and sexual identity. This study reconstructs the cultural history of this transsexual figure through readings of work by late Victorian and modernist writers Edith Cooper and Katharine Bradley, who collaborated using the pen name 'Michael Field', and whose work may inaugurate the shift in Tiresian mythographies; T.S. Eliot, whose poem The Waste Land includes arguably the most well-known uses of Tiresias in modern English Literature; Djuna Barnes, whose queer Irish-American Tiresias provides an insistent voice of sexual and social marginalization; and Irish poet Austin Clarke who set out to revise Eliot's use of Tiresias but ended up narrating a myth of sexual panic. The book also examines work by writers whose use of Tiresian figures consistently linked sexual differences, especially homosexuality, to forms of performative, poetic, and aesthetic power. If The Waste Land established Tiresias as a figure of modernist textual and sexual ambiguity, this book displaces that canonically central representation into a more complex tradition of queer representations- ambivalent and ambiguous, homoerotic and homophobic. This study oscillates between lesbian writers who strategically deploy the Tiresian myth to explore non-normative sexualities and male writers who construct an effeminized Tiresian figure through which to transcend the feminine even as they invoke its power. To reconstruct the sexual and cultural history of Tiresias, the author examines a wide range of technological, medical, and sexual discourses. The strangely hybrid body of Tiresias--offers an index of the proliferating discourses of sexual identity, especially as voice or performance can be read as a symptom of sexual deviance. Tracing the intersections of sexual difference, this book explores not only the cultural history of a sexual myth, but also the cultural representations of homosexuality, illuminating the persistent sexological images of homosexuality as gender inversion.