Tissue Engineering Engineering Principles for

Tissue or organ transplantation are among the few options available for patients with excessive skin loss, heart or liver failure, and many common ailments, and the demand for replacement tissue greatly exceeds the supply, even before one considers the serious constraints of immunologicaltissue type matching to avoid immune rejection. Tissue engineering promises to help sidestep constraints on availability and overcome the scientific challenges, with huge medical benefits. This book lays out the principles of tissue engineering. It will be a useful reference work for thoseassociated with this field and as a textbook for specialized courses in the subject. It is a companion volume to Saltzman's OUP book on drug delivery.

W. Mark Saltzman is the Goizueta Foundation Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering at Yale University.

Part 1 Tissue Exchange and Tissue Development

3

(64)

1 The State-of-the-Art in Tissue Exchange

5

(11)

1.1 History

6

(6)

1.2 Prospects for the Future

12

(2)

References

14

(2)

2 Objecives of Tissue Engineering

16

(16)

2.1 Tissue Engineering Is an Alternative to Drug Therapy, Gene Therapy, and Whole-Organ Transplantation

16

(4)

2.2 Tissue Engineering Attempts to Inspire or Control the Normal Processes of Tissue Repair and Healing

20

(3)

2.3 Tissue Engineering Attempts to Replace Cells that are Missing Within an Otherwise Functional Tissue or Organ

23

(1)

2.4 Tissue Engineering Uses Cellular Control Mechanisms to Enhance Drug Delivery

24

(2)

2.5 Tissue Engineering Leads to New Models of Human Physiology

26

(1)

2.6 Tissue Engineering

27

(1)

Summary

28

(1)

Exercises

29

(2)

References

31

(1)

3 Elements of Tissue Development

32

(35)

3.1 Early Transformations in the Embryo

34

(3)

3.2 Control of Development

37

(13)

3.3 Mechanisms of Development

50

(12)

Summary

62

(1)

Glossary

63

(1)

Exercises

64

(1)

References

65

(2)

Part 2 Tissue Engineering Fundamentals

67

(222)

4 Cell Growth and Differentiation

69

(50)

4.1 The Cell Cycle

70

(3)

4.2 Stem Cells and Cell Differentiation

73

(6)

4.3 Agents that Regulate Cell Growth and Differentiation

79

(14)

4.4 Trafficking and Signal Transduction

93

(4)

4.5 Kinetics of Cell Proliferation

97

(10)

Summary

107

(1)

Exercises

107

(9)

References

116

(3)

5 Cell and Tissue Mechanics

119

(32)

5.1 Elementary Solid Mechanics

119

(5)

5.2 Elementary Fluid Mechanics

124

(8)

5.3 Mechanical Properties of Biological Fluids and Gels

132

(7)

5.4 Mechanical Properties of Cells

139

(3)

5.5 Mechanical Properties of Tissues

142

(5)

Summary

147

(1)

Exercises

147

(2)

References

149

(2)

6 Cell Adhesion

151

(37)

6.1 Mechanics of Cell Adhesion

152

(9)

6.2 Cell Junctions

161

(4)

6.3 Cell Adhesion Receptors

165

(4)

6.4 Extracellular Matrix

169

(10)

6.5 Cell Adhesion and Intracellular Signalling

179

(1)

Summary

180

(1)

Exercises

181

(4)

References

185

(3)

7 Cell Migration

188

(47)

7.1 Overview of Cell Migration

188

(2)

7.2 Experimental Observations on Cell Motility

190

(11)

7.3 Quantitative Methods for Describing the Movement of Individual Cells

201

(6)

7.4 Quantitative Methods for Describing the Movement of Cell Populations

207

(11)

7.5 Mean Time to Capture

218

(4)

7.6 Coordination of Cell Migration

222

(1)

Summary

222

(1)

Appendix: Additional Information on Brownian Motion and Random Walks

223

(2)

Exercises

225

(5)

References

230

(5)

8 Cell Aggregation and Tissue Equivalents

235

(21)

8.1 Overview and Significance

235

(4)

8.2 Cell Aggregation and Cell Sorting

239

(3)

8.3 Models of Cell Aggregation

242

(5)

8.4 Cell-Populated Tissue Equivalents

247

(3)

Summary

250

(1)

Exercises

250

(2)

References

252

(4)

9 Tissue Barriers to Molecular and Cellular Transport

256

(33)

9.1 Mobility of Lipids and Proteins in the Membrane

257

(2)

9.2 Permeation of Molecules through Membranes

259

(13)

9.3 Permeation of Molecules through Cell Layers

272

(7)

9.4 Permeation of Cells through Cell Layers

279

(1)

Summary

280

(2)

Exercises

282

(4)

References

286

(3)

Part 3 Tissue Engineering Practice

289

(162)

10 Cell Delivery and Recirculation

291

(27)

10.1 Cell Movement within the Circulatory System

292

(7)

10.2 Examples of Cell Trafficking between Body Compartments

299

(9)

10.3 Microchimerism

308

(2)

10.4 Cell Penetration into Three-Dimensional Tissues

310

(3)

Summary

313

(1)

Acknowledgment

313

(1)

Exercises

314

(1)

References

315

(3)

11 Delivery of Molecular Agents in Tissue Engineering

318

(30)

11.1 Technology for Controlled Delivery of Molecular Agents in Tissue Engineering

320

(7)

11.2 Controlled Release of Agents in Time and Space

327

(8)

11.3 Future Applications of Controlled Delivery in Tissue Engineering

335

(1)

Summary

336

(1)

Exercises

336

(6)

References

342

(6)

12 Cell Interactions With Polymers

348

(38)

12.1 Characterizing Cell Interactions with Polymers

348

(3)

12.2 Cell Interactions with Polymer Surfaces

351

(12)

12.3 Cell Interactions with Polymers in Suspension

363

(1)

12.4 Cell Interactions with Three-dimensional Polymer Scaffolds and Gels

364

(1)

Summary

365

(1)

Exercises

366

(10)

References

376

(10)

13 Approaches to Tissue Engineering

386

(49)

13.1 Artificial Organs

387

(9)

13.2 Roles of the Synthetic Component

396

(14)

13.3 Control of the Biological Component

410

(7)

13.4 Replacement of Tissue Structure or Function

417

(4)

Summary

421

(1)

Exercises

422

(8)

References

430

(5)

14 Case Studies in Tissue Engineering

435

(16)

14.1 Tissue-Engineered Cartilage

435

(6)

14.2 Tissue-Engineered Skin

441

(4)

14.3 Tissue-Engineering Approaches for Nerve Regeneration

445

(3)

References

448

(3)

Appendices

451

(64)

A Introduction to Polymers

453

(32)

A.1 Polymer Properties

453

(1)

A.2 Non-degradable Polymers

454

(9)

A.3 Biodegradable Polymers

463

(12)

A.4 Water-Soluble Polymers

475

(5)

References

480

(5)

B Analysis of Molecular Transport

485

(17)

B.1 Random Walks

485

(5)

B.2 Equations for the Diffusive Flux (Fick's Law)

490

(1)

B.3 Equations of Mass Conservation (Fick's Second Law)

491

(3)

B.4 Solutions to the Diffusion Equation with no Solute Elimination or Generation

494

(6)

References

500

(2)

C Useful Data

502

(6)

C.1 Protein Properties

502

(3)

C.2 Blood and Tissue Cell Properties

505

(1)

C.3 Mathematical Tables and Functions

506

(1)

References

507

(1)

D Nomenclature and Abbreviations

508

(7)

D.1 Nomenclature

508

(3)

D.2 Abbreviations

511

(2)

D.3 Glossary

513

(2)

Index

515

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Tissue Engineering Engineering Principles for the Design of Replacement Organs and Tissues

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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