Toxicology of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Human, Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems

An indispensable compendium detailing the toxicology of nanoparticles with a focus on mechanisms, emerging issues, and new approaches

Toxicology of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Human, Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems provides authoritative information on the toxicology of ultrafine and nanoparticulate matter that contaminate terrestrial or aquatic environments and present unique challenges in applied public health and toxicological research. Detailed chapters by a panel of world-renowned experts examine the complementary and dynamic interdependence of aquatic, terrestrial, and human systems and the toxicological impacts on exposure to engineered and manufactured nanoparticles and nanomaterials.

Organized into four sections, the book opens with a thorough overview of the field, including known challenges and the necessity for current research activity. The second section describes terrestrial and aquatic systems and the ecotoxicological impact of nanomaterials, followed by critical analysis of the many human health effects of nanomaterials. The book concludes with an in-depth discussion of current gaps in knowledge, future directions, new approach methodologies, alternatives to animal models, and the emerging environmental threat from nanoplastics. Presenting case exemplars of the ecotoxicological impact of nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial systems, this important resource:

• Presents in-depth coverage of ecosafety, environmental behavior, fate and transport, interactive effects with other contaminants, and current challenges in soil nano-ecotoxicology
• Addresses rising concerns regarding air pollution and neurological disorders, and the roles played by the gastrointestinal system, the mucosal microbiome, and the immunotoxicology and vasculotoxicity of metal-based nanoparticles
• Provides detailed coverage of nanomaterial health effects from both animal and in vitro models, including the gut microbiome, innate immunity, neurological and cardiovascular impacts, mechanisms of action, and hazard characterization
• Analyzes key topics in ecological nanotoxicology such as environmental micro- and nano-plastic pollution and applied risk assessment

Toxicology of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Human, Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems is essential reading for toxicologists, applied biologists, ecotoxicologists, research scientists, medical professionals, regulators, and advanced students in fields such as public health, environmental ecotoxicology and medicine, immunotoxicology, neurotoxicology, cardiovascular and systems biology, hazard identification, and risk assessment.

Marc A. Williams, PhD, is an immunotoxicologist and Project Manager for Ecotoxicological Assessment, US Army Public Health Center, Directorate of Toxicology, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, papers, book chapters, book titles, and scientific reports. Dr Williams is the Editor-in-Chief of Drug and Chemical Toxicology and a regular editor for Toxicology Letters.

List of Contributors xv

Foreword xxi

Editor Biography xxiii

Section I Introduction 1

1 A One Health Perspective and Introduction 3
Marc A. Williams and Gunda Reddy

1.1 Background 3

1.2 Structural and Logical Organization of the Book 9

Acknowledgments 15

References 15

Section II Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems 19

2 Ecosafety of Nanomaterials in the Aquatic Environment 21
Maria J. Bebianno, Thiago L. Rocha, José P. Pinheiro, Margarida Ribau Teixeira, and Fernanda Cassio

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Inputs of NMs to the Aquatic Environment 23

2.3 HowWastewater Treatment Processes Act in the Removal of Nanomaterials? 23

2.4 So What Is Expected to Occur in WWTPs Processes? 24

2.5 The Importance of Understanding Speciation of NMs 27

2.6 Ecotoxicological Effects of NMs in Freshwater Organisms 30

2.7 Ecotoxicological Effects of NMs in Marine Organisms 34

2.8 Interactive Effects of NMs with Other Contaminants 38

2.9 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of NMs 42

Acknowledgments 43

References 44

3 Changes in Toxicant Physicochemistry and Bioavailability During Sorption/Desorption Processes with TiO₂ Nanoparticles in the Aqueous Phase 59
Danae Patsiou, Martin R. S. McCoustra, Teresa F. Fernandes, and Theodore B. Henry

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Properties of TiO₂ NPs in the Aqueous Phase 61

3.2.1 Agglomeration 61

3.2.2 Oxidation of TiO₂ NPs by UV Radiation 62

3.3 Sorption of Organic Substances to TiO₂ NPs 64

3.3.1 Influence of Organic Matter on Sorption 64

3.3.2 Influence of TiO₂ NP Surface Area on Sorption 64

3.3.3 Use of Bioavailability to Inform on Sorption of Organic Compounds on TiO₂ NPs 66

3.4 Conclusions 72

References 73

4 Behavior, Fate, and Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles in Estuarine and Coastal Environments 79
Daniel M. Lyons and Petra Burić

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Types of Nanoparticles: Sources/Products/Release Routes 80

4.3 Behavior of Nanoparticles in the Water Column 82

4.4 Biota, Trophic Transfer, Toxicity, and Mechanisms 84

4.5 Measurement Issues and Regulatory Environment 94

4.6 Modeling 94

4.7 Knowledge Gaps and Research Prospects 95

References 96

5 Interactive Effects of Nanomaterials with Other Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms: nTiO₂ as a Case Study 101
Laura Canesi, Camilla Della Torre, Teresa Balbi, and Ilaria Corsi

5.1 Introduction 101

5.2 Interactive Effects of NPs with Other Contaminants in Aquatic Organisms: nTiO₂ as a Case Study 104

5.3 Interactions Between nTiO₂ and Other Contaminants in Marine Invertebrates: The Example of the Bivalve Mytilus 106

5.3.1 Effects of nTiO₂ and Cd²⁺ 106

5.3.2 Effects of nTiO₂ and TCDD 109

5.4 Interactions Between nTiO₂ and Other Contaminants in Marine Fish: The Example of the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 111

5.5 Interactive Effects of NPs with Other Contaminants in Marine Species: Importance of Exposure Media 114

5.6 Concluding Remarks 115

Acknowledgments 115

References 115

6 Soil Nano-ecotoxicology: What Have We Learned from Standard Tests and What May We Be Missing? 121
David J. Spurgeon, Elma Lahive, Carolin Schultz, and Claus Svendsen

6.1 Introduction 121

6.2 Development of Standard Test Methods and Their Application to Nanomaterials 122

6.3 From Soil Ecotoxicological Tests to Risk Assessment 127

6.4 Looking Beyond Standardized Tests Toward Effects in Ecosystems 128

6.4.1 Choice of Test Species 129

6.4.2 Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Particle “Aging” on Toxicity in Natural Environments 131

6.4.3 How Soil Properties Interact with Nanomaterial Properties to Determine Bioavailability 133

6.4.4 Nanomaterial Bioaccumulation and Food Chain Transfer 135

6.4.5 Short-Term Tests Predict Long-Term Effects 136

6.5 Standard Ecotoxicological Tests: A Blessing and A Curse? 138

Acknowledgments 139

References 140

7 Impacts of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments 147
Renato Grillo and Leonardo F. Fraceto

7.1 Introduction 147

7.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Properties 147

7.1.2 Commercial Importance and Applications of IONPs 149

7.1.3 Potential Toxic Effects of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 151

7.2 Gaps and Obstacles 155

7.3 Conclusions 158

Acknowledgments 158

References 158

8 Carbon Nanotubes: Sublethal Effects and Unique Mechanisms of Toxicity in Aquatic Species 165
Tara Sabo-Attwood, Christine Ngan, Candice Lavelle, Jaime Plazas-Tuttle, and Navid B. Saleh

8.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Aquatic Environments 165

8.2 Classical Toxicity: What We Have Learned 167

8.3 Unique Mechanisms and Effects 168

8.3.1 Nutrient Depletion 168

8.3.2 Immune Modulation 170

8.3.3 Influence on Co-contaminants 172

8.4 Next-Generation Nanomaterials: Nanohybrids 174

8.4.1 Variation in Nanohybrid Composition and Environmentally Relevant Properties 174

8.4.2 Toxic Responses Demonstrated by NHs 175

8.5 Future Perspectives 176

Acknowledgments 176

References 176

9 Surface Reactivity of Anatase and Rutile Samples: Relationship with Toxicity on Aquatic Organisms 187
Charlotte Hurel, Norbert Jordan, Ulrike Gerber, Stephan Weiss, Bernd Kubier, and Reinhard Kleeberg

9.1 Introduction 187

9.2 TiO₂ Solid Phase Characterization 190

9.3 Potentiometric Titrations 194

9.4 Electrophoresis Measurements 196

9.4.1 In NaNO₃ 196

9.4.2 In Synthetic Freshwater (SFW) 198

9.5 Size Measurements of the Agglomerates 198

9.5.1 In NaNO₃ 199

9.5.2 In Synthetic Freshwater (SFW) 199

9.6 Ecotoxicity Tests 201

9.6.1 Rotifer Toxicity Test 201

9.6.2 Microcrustacean Toxicity Test 203

9.6.3 Diatoms Toxicity Test 204

9.7 Discussion 206

9.8 Conclusions 208

Acknowledgments 208

References 209

10 Cardiorespiratory Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments 213
Christopher A. Dieni and Tyson J. MacCormack

10.1 Introduction 213

10.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterial Toxicity 214

10.2.1 Uptake-Independent Mechanisms 215

10.2.1.1 Accumulation on Cell Surfaces and Interference with Membrane and Transport Functions 216

10.2.1.2 Activation of Cell Surface Inflammatory Receptors 216

10.2.1.3 Uptake-Independent Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 219

10.2.2 Uptake-Dependent Mechanisms 221

10.2.2.1 Disruption of Ion Transporters by Intact Nanostructures and Ion Products and Physiological Regulation 223

10.2.2.2 Activation of Systemic Immunity 225

10.3 Complement 225

10.4 Phagocytosis 226

10.5 Conclusions and Ecological Perspectives 227

References 228

Section III Human Systems 237

11 Air Pollution and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 239
Joshua L. Allen, Carolyn Klocke, Keith Morris-Schaffer, Katherine Conrad, Marissa Sobolewski, and Deborah A. Cory-Slechta

11.1 Air Pollution and the Brain 239

11.1.1 The Brain as a Target of Air Pollution 240

11.2 Air Pollution and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 241

11.2.1 Shared Co-morbidities of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 242

11.2.2 Potential Mechanisms of Air Pollution Associations with Neurodevelopmental Disorders 243

11.2.2.1 Microglial Activation and Inflammation 243

11.2.2.2 Ventriculomegaly, White Matter Damage, and Consequent Interhemispheric Dysconnectivity 244

11.2.2.3 Altered Glutamate and Dopamine 245

11.3 An Animal Model of UFP-Induced Developmental Neuropathology and Behavioral Disorders 245

11.3.1 Developmental CAPS Exposures of Mice Produce Male-Specific Microglial Activation 246

11.3.2 Developmental CAPS Exposures of Mice Produce Male-Specific Ventriculomegaly 247

11.3.3 Developmental CAPS Exposures of Mice Produce Male-Specific White Matter Tract Disruption 247

11.3.3.1 Corpus Callosum Size 248

11.3.3.2 Corpus Callosum Myelination 250

11.3.4 Developmental CAPS Exposures of Mice Elevate Glutamate Levels and Result in Male-Specific Excitatory–Inhibitory Imbalance 250

11.3.5 Developmental CAPS Exposures of Mice Are Associated with Impulsive-Like Behavior 251

11.4 Summary and Conclusions 253

References 256

12 Toxicity of Nanomaterials to the Gastrointestinal Tract 277
Penelope A. Rice

12.1 Introduction 277

12.2 GI Physiology and Toxicity Testing 279

12.3 Nanomaterial Toxicity Assessment: Challenges 286

12.4 Toxicity of Specific Nanomaterial Types 289

12.4.1 Titanium Dioxide 289

12.4.2 Silica 305

12.4.3 Nanosilver 311

12.4.4 ZnO Nanoparticles 319

12.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 327

12.5 Miscellaneous Nanomaterials 332

12.6 Analysis and Conclusions 337

References 338

13 The Mucosal Microbiome: Impact of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials 353
Katherine M. Williams, Kuppan Gokulan, and Sangeeta Khare

13.1 Introduction 353

13.2 Types of Nanoparticles and Human Exposure 354

13.3 Factors Influencing Nanomaterial/Microbiota Interactions in the Intestinal Mucosal Environment 356

13.3.1 Nanomaterial-Specific Factors 356

13.3.2 Gut Environment-Specific Factors 357

13.3.3 Protein Corona 358

13.4 Nanomaterial Effects on Bacterial Microbiota 358

13.4.1 Metallic NM 361

13.4.1.1 Antibacterial Activity 361

13.4.1.2 Impact in Gut Models 362

13.4.2 Metal Oxide NM 363

13.4.2.1 Antibacterial Activity 363

13.4.2.2 Impact in Gut Models 364

13.4.3 Carbon-Based NM 364

13.4.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 364

13.4.3.2 Impact in Gut Models 366

13.5 Nanomaterial Effects on Viral and Fungal Microbiota 366

13.6 Conclusions 367

13.6.1 Antibacterial Activity of NMs 367

13.6.2 Evidence for NM Effects on Gut Mucosal Microbiota 367

13.6.3 Strategies for Assessing NM–Microbiota Effects 368

13.6.4 Direction for Future Research 370

13.6.5 Conclusion 372

References 372

14 Human Health Impacts and Immunotoxicology of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials – An Overview 383
Gregory P. Nichols and Jason Davis

14.1 Introduction and Background 383

14.2 Welding Fumes as Surrogates for Metal Nanoparticles 384

14.3 Immune-Related Health Effects 385

14.4 Oxidative Stress and Immunologic Effects 386

14.5 Conclusion 387

14.6 Immune-Triggered Human Health Effects of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 387

14.7 Immune Interaction 387

14.8 Cellular Mechanisms of Injury 389

14.9 Oxidative Stress 389

14.10 Interaction with Cellular Membranes and Proteins 391

14.11 Disruption of Signaling Pathways 391

14.12 Immune Response 392

14.13 Immunosuppression 392

14.14 Inflammation and Autoimmunity 393

14.15 Sensitivity/Hypersensitivity 394

14.16 Summary 396

References 396

15 Vasculotoxicity of Metal-Based Nanoparticles 401
Maria S. Sepúlveda and Jiejun Gao

15.1 Nanoparticles in the Environment 401

15.2 Vascular Development 402

15.3 Critical Issues in Assessing the Toxicity of NPs 403

15.4 Vascular Toxicity of NPs In Vitro 404

15.5 Vascular Toxicity of NPs In Vivo 409

15.6 Movement of NPs Through the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) 412

15.7 Conclusions 413

List of Abbreviations 413

References 415

Section IV Future Directions and Gaps in the Knowledge 423

16 Knowledge Gaps, Future Directions, and the Emergence of Nanoplastics as an Environmental Threat Pollutant 425
Marc A. Williams and Desmond I. Bannon

16.1 Current Concerns and Scope of the Problem 425

16.2 A survey of the Identified Knowledge Gaps and Needs for Future Research 427

16.3 Knowledge Gaps – Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecotoxicology 428

16.4 Knowledge Gaps – Adverse Health Effects in Humans 435

16.5 Emerging Threats and Future Directions 439

16.5.1 Nanoplastics – An Emergent Environmental Threat Pollutant 440

16.6 Conclusions and Other Considerations 444

References 446

Index 453

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