Trade, Development, and Social Justice

, by Bhala, Raj

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ISBN: 9780890893845 | 0890893845
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/4/2003

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Supplemental Materials

Table of Figures and Charts

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxxi

Table of Abbreviations

xxxv

Introduction

(1)

The Thesis

(1)

Supporting Arguments

(9)

Part One Marxist Origins

Globalization and Trade

(14)

The ``Anti-Third World Claim''

(3)

Diversity

(1)

An Illustration

(3)

Chesterton's Clever Response

(1)

Not Too Pejoratively

(3)

Why Care about Intellectual Origins?

(3)

Reviewing the Marxist Model

(10)

From Growth Theory to International Trade Law: An Imperfect Translation

(2)

Some Conventional Wisdom

(1)

The Tendency to De-Radicalize

(1)

A Story of Inevitable and Merciless Exploitation

(1)

The Concept of ``Surplus,'' and the Insatiable Appetite for New Markets

(2)

The Source of Surplus: Accumulated Labour

(5)

Imperialism and Trade

(14)

The First Link: Access to New Markets

(1)

The Second Link: Extracting Surplus

(1)

The Third Link: Hypocritical Trade Policies Advocated by an Unholy Alliance

(2)

An Illustration from the Third World: Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garment Sector

(5)

The Romance of Orthodoxy

(5)

Part Two Capitalist Growth Models

Defining ``Growth''

(12)

Ask Them About...

(3)

Kuznets and Modern Economic Growth

(1)

Development, Structural Changes, and Stages

(3)

Measuring Growth

(3)

GNP vs. GDP

(1)

Purchasing Power Parity

(3)

Growth, Poverty, and Kuznets' Inverted U Theory

(2)

One-Sector Growth Models

(24)

Using Models

(1)

The Harrod-Domar Model

(16)

The Concept of a Production Function

(5)

The Harrod-Domar Production Function

(1)

Shortcomings of Average Input-Output Ratios

(1)

The Problem of Fixed Ratios

(4)

Returns to Scale and the New Growth Economics

(2)

Static versus Dynamic Analysis and the ICOR

(1)

The Final Expression of the Harrod-Domar Model

(2)

The ``Non-Role'' of Trade

(1)

Policy Implications of the Harrod-Domar Model

(1)

Sources of Growth Models

(7)

The Production Function Again

(1)

Contributions to Growth of the Factor Inputs

(2)

Expression and Use of the Model

(2)

Reliability and the Importance of Model Design

(1)

Again, the ``Non-Role'' of Trade

(2)

Two-Sector Labour Suplus Models

(42)

The Transformation from Agriculture to Industry Transformation

(5)

Modern Economic Growth and Industrialization

(3)

The Shift of the Surplus of Labour

(2)

Patterns of Growth and the Chenery-Syrquin Study

(1)

Rural-Urban Migration and its Causes

(1)

The Pace of Transformation

(2)

The Fei-Ranis Labour Surplus Model

(21)

Two Points to Appreciate

(2)

Elements of the Fei-Ranis Labour Surplus Model

(1)

The Agriculatural Production Function

(1)

The Marginal Productivity of Labour

(1)

Wage Rates, the Supply and Demand for Labour, and the Essence of the Growth Story

(9)

The Transition Point

108

(2)

The Size of the Labour Surplus

110

(1)

The Transfer of Food from Rural to Urban Areas

111

(1)

The Three-Panel Fei-Ranis Labour Surplus Model

111

(3)

The Potential Enhancing Role of Trade

114

(2)

A Variant: The Neo-Classical Two-Sector Model

116

(5)

Weaknesses in the Fei-Ranis Model

116

(1)

Is There a Labour Surplus?

116

(1)

Ignoring Agriculture?

117

(1)

Different Assumptions, Different Perspectives

117

(1)

Depiction of the Model

118

(3)

The Problem of Balanced Growth

121

(8)

Part Three Organising Trade Rules

The Theological Framework

129

(32)

The Issue and Approaches to It

129

(2)

Translation from Development Economics to Trade Law

131

(1)

Challenging Conventional Wisdom

132

(2)

Elements in a Theological Framework for Special and Differential Treatment Rules

134

(27)

The Homily

140

(1)

Defining the Category

140

(1)

Hypothetical Homiletic Rules

141

(2)

Mortification

143

(1)

Defining the Category

143

(1)

Hypothetical Mortification Rules

144

(1)

Mercy

145

(1)

Defining the Category

145

(2)

Hypothetical Merciful Rules

147

(3)

Almsgiving

150

(1)

Defining the Category

150

(4)

Hypothetical Almsgiving Rules

154

(4)

Playing Football

158

(3)

Islamic Parallels

161

(18)

Why Islam?

161

(3)

The Homily and the Khutba at Jum'a Prayers

164

(3)

Mortification and the Ramadan Fast

167

(2)

Mercy and Rahmah

169

(3)

Almsgiving and Zakat

172

(7)

Part Four Exhortations of Do More

Defining ``Special and Differential Treatment''

179

(18)

Special and Differential Treatment in the GATT

179

(4)

Special and Differential Treatment in the Uruguay and Doha Rounds

183

(8)

The Present Focus

191

(2)

All Categories are Populated

193

(4)

Homiletic Rules

197

(18)

GATT Preamble (Paragraph 1)

197

(1)

Background to the 1966 Addition of Part IV to GATT

198

(5)

The 1979 Tokyo Round Enabling Clause

203

(3)

Classifying Paragraphs 1-7 of GATT Article XXXVI

206

(9)

Part Five Obligations to Refrain

Mortification Rules

215

(18)

GATT Article I:2

215

(9)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVII:1

224

(9)

Three Types of Self-Restraint Required

224

(5)

Engaging in the Self-Restraints

229

(4)

Apples from Chile

233

(22)

The ``No Ruling'' in the 1989 Dessert Apples Case

233

(2)

The EEC's Quantitative Restrictions and Price Intervention Mechanisms

235

(3)

The GATT Article XI Issues

238

(4)

The GATT Article XIII Issues

242

(7)

A Future Case on GATT Article XXXVII?

249

(6)

Part Six Obligations to Forgive

Merciful Rules

255

(32)

GATT Article XVIII

255

(5)

Article XVIII:1---A Statement of Faith

256

(1)

Article XVIII:2---Recognition of the Need for Mercy

257

(1)

Article XVIII:3---More Mercy? Requirements for Forgiveness?

258

(1)

Article XVIII:4---Two Classes of Third World WTO Members Eligible for Mercy

259

(1)

An Overview of the Mercies of Article XVIII, Sections A-D

260

(1)

The Bounded Mercy of Article XVIII, Section A

261

(2)

The Bounded Mercy of Article XVIII, Section B

263

(6)

Probing the Boundaries of the Section B Mercy: The India-Quantitative Restrictions Case

269

(5)

Sovereignty in Development Policy

269

(3)

Relaxing Restrictions

272

(2)

The Bounded Mercy of Article XVIII, Section C

274

(6)

The Bounded Mercy of Article XVIII, Section D

280

(2)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVII:3(c)

282

(3)

A Procedural Rule in Part IV of GATT: Article XXXVII:5

285

(2)

The Special Mercy for India and Pakistan

287

(44)

GATT Article XXIV:11

287

(1)

An Optimistic Assumption

288

(2)

Special Tailoring for India and Pakistan

290

(7)

Understanding Article XXIV:11

297

(1)

The Context: The Three Rules of Article XXIV

297

(13)

Generosity, and a Blistering Critique

297

(1)

A ``Purpose'' Test?

298

(2)

The ``Substantially All'' Test

300

(2)

The ``Higher or More Restrictive'' Test

302

(5)

Notification, and Maybe a Bit More

307

(2)

Back to the Start: The Generosity of the Mercy

309

(1)

Is the Indo-Pakistani Waiver Worth Much?

310

(8)

A Textual Approach

312

(3)

Going beyond the Text

315

(1)

Thinking about a Troubled Past

316

(2)

Another Mercy: Frontier Traffic and Paragraph 3(a)

318

(1)

Failure to Take Advantage of the Mercy

319

(6)

Too Late for Bangladesh?

325

(6)

Part Seven Obligations to Give

Almsgiving Rules

331

(26)

GATT Article XXVIII:3(b) bis

331

(10)

The History and Importance of Article XXVIII bis

331

(3)

Paragraphs 1 and 2, and the Reciprocity Priniple

334

(4)

Almsgiving, Not a Homily, through Paragraph 3(b)

338

(2)

Exemption from the Reciprocity Principle via GATT Article XXXVI:8

340

(1)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVI:8

341

(4)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVI:9

345

(2)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVII:3(a)-(b)

347

(2)

``South-South Almsgiving'': Part IV, GATT Article XXXVII:4

349

(2)

Part IV, GATT Article XXXVII

351

(6)

Almsgiving through Paragraph 1

352

(1)

Almsgiving through Paragraph 2

353

(4)

Adhering to Almsgiving Rules

357

(16)

Are the Americans Paying Attention?

357

(3)

The Proposal to Eliminate Industrial Tariffs

357

(1)

Inconsistencies with Almsgiving Rules

358

(2)

Are the Europeans Paying Attention?

360

(13)

The 1980 Sugar Refunds Case

360

(1)

The EC's Subsidy Scheme

360

(4)

Brazil's Successful GATT Article XVI Argument

364

(2)

Brazil's Successful GATT Part IV Argument

366

(7)

Part Eight Social Justice Theory

Social Justice ``as'' Virtue

373

(22)

Why Give Any More?

373

(7)

Making a Case for the Third World

373

(1)

The Two Justifications

374

(3)

Mutual Exclusivity?

377

(1)

Other Possibel Justifications?

378

(1)

Is a Justification Needed?

379

(1)

Gauging Social Justice by the Virtues Associated with Rules

380

(15)

Foundations

380

(2)

Social Justice and Other Types of Justice

382

(4)

Intellectual Sins

386

(2)

Attempting an Answer

388

(2)

What is ``Virtue''?

390

(5)

Virtues and the Rules in the Theological Framework

395

(18)

Potential Virtues of Homiletic Rules

395

(2)

Potential Virtues of Mortification Rules

397

(4)

Potential Virtues of Merciful Rules

401

(4)

The Potential Virtue of Almsgiving Rules

405

(8)

A Risk of Conflation

405

(2)

What Charity is All About

407

(6)

Societies and Social Justice

413

(40)

Revisiting Catholic Social Justice Theory

413

(1)

Methodology

414

(3)

Political and Economic Societies

417

(3)

Three Moral Problems in Societies

420

(18)

The Individual and Society, and Respect for Human Dignity

420

(6)

Societal Leadership, and Pursuit of the Common Good

426

(6)

The Poor in Society, and Giving Preference to Them

432

(6)

The WTO Society

438

(10)

Calling the WTO a ``Society''

438

(2)

Scale and Avoiding Moral Relativism

440

(4)

Scale and the Judgment of Nations

444

(4)

Special and Differential Treatment as a Moral Expression of Preference for the Poor

448

(5)

Part Nine Enhancing Social Justice

A Case for Better Almsgiving Rules

453

(18)

Genuine Mutuality Regarding Opportunity (Not Result)

453

(6)

The Paucity of Almsgiving Rules

459

(4)

Social Justice Demands Charity

463

(4)

The Convergence of Social Justice ``as'' Virtue and Social Justice as a Rationale

467

(4)

Three New Almsgiving Rules

471

(28)

More Charity through Three Proposals

471

(8)

First Proposal: Increasing Legal Capital

479

(4)

Second Proposal: Eliminating Conditionality

483

(8)

Third Proposal: Funding Export Diversification

491

(8)

Final Considerations

499

(8)

Links to Human Rights?

499

(3)

A Caution about Subsidiarity

502

(2)

Leaders and Social Justice

504

(3)

Summary

507

(16)

Talking Past One Another

507

(1)

Neither a Devil Nor a Saint

508

(1)

Why the Development Economics?

509

(2)

Why the Theology?

511

(3)

Recap: The Thesis and Supporting Arguments

514

(6)

Shared Quests

520

(3)

About the Author

523

(2)

Index of Gatt Articles

525

(2)

Index of Cases

527

(2)

Subject Index

529

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Trade, Development, and Social Justice

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials