Transport Processes in Concrete

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ISBN: 9780415242646 | 0415242649
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/21/2002

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Transport Processes in Concretepresents a comprehensive survey of the physical and chemical processes and transport mechanisms in concrete and anlyses their significance for the movement of heat, moisture and chemical compounds. This book provides a practical methodology for researchers and practioners in the field of concrete technology and durability.

Preface

Physical and chemical processes in concrete

(76)

The composition of Portland cement

(5)

Hydration processes of cement

(5)

Hydration heat

(4)

Properties of aggregates

(9)

Natural aggregates

(3)

Aggregates made of secondary raw materials

(1)

Other components

(3)

Structure of concrete

(7)

Basic structure

(2)

Models of the porous structure

(5)

Basic physical transport mechanisms

(16)

The continuum approach to porous media

(2)

Coupled water vapour and water transport in the porous system

(1)

Water vapour transport and Knudsen diffusion

(6)

Transport of the surface phase of water

(1)

Liquid water transport

(1)

Phase change processes in the porous system

(2)

Sorption isotherms

(2)

Salt transport

(1)

Gas transport

(1)

Interaction of chemical compounds with the solid matrix

(30)

Interaction with the cement binder

(2)

Water

(5)

Acids and hydroxides

(3)

Salt solutions

(5)

Gases

(7)

Interaction with aggregates

(3)

References

(5)

Fundamentals of transport phenomena in chemically reacting mixtures

(78)

Basic concepts of continuum mechanics

(18)

Coordinates and configuration

(1)

Motion and deformation

(4)

Kinematics of a continuous medium

(8)

Forces and stress

(3)

Work and power

(1)

Balance laws for a single continuum containing moving discontinuities

(14)

Mass balance and the continuity equation

(1)

Momentum principles and equations of motion

100

(4)

Energy balance

104

(5)

Entropy inequality

109

(1)

Constitutive equations for a single continuum

109

(18)

Basic concepts

110

(6)

Construction of equations of state and phenomenological equations

116

(3)

Examples of constitutive equations

119

(1)

Heat conduction in a one-component rigid material

120

(1)

Elastic material in isothermal conditions

120

(2)

Viscoelastic material in isothermal conditions

122

(2)

Plastic material in isothermal conditions

124

(3)

Balance laws for a linear chemically reacting mixture with discontinuities

127

(20)

Fundamentals of the linear theory of mixtures

127

(1)

Mass balance

128

(2)

Momentum balances

130

(6)

Energy balance

136

(9)

Entropy inequality

145

(2)

Constitutive equations for a linear mixture

147

(8)

References

152

(3)

Models of heat, moisture and chemical compounds transport in porous materials

155

(108)

Models of water and water vapour transport

155

(17)

Convection models

155

(4)

Diffusion models

159

(7)

Diffusion models with sharp or steep interface

166

(4)

Hybrid models

170

(2)

Coupled heat and moisture transport

172

(36)

Elementary thermodynamic model

173

(8)

Convection models

181

(9)

Diffusion models

190

(11)

Hybrid models

201

(4)

Heat and moisture transport across the interfaces

205

(3)

Transport of chemical compounds

208

(5)

Complex models

213

(50)

Coupled heat, moisture and chemical compounds transport

213

(28)

Hygro-thermo-mechanical models

241

(8)

Transport processes at high temperatures

249

(10)

References

259

(4)

Modelling transport processes in concrete

263

(58)

Commonly employed models

263

(19)

Applicability limits of general models of transport phenomena in porous materials

282

(8)

Recommended model of transport processes in concrete in usual service conditions

290

(22)

Recommended model for concrete in severe conditions

312

(1)

Requirements to the material parameters employed in the models

313

(8)

References

315

(6)

Experimental methods for determination of field variables and of material properties of concrete

321

(140)

Field variables of heat, moisture and chemical compounds transport

321

(61)

Moisture content

321

(2)

Gravimetric method

323

(4)

Resistance methods

327

(1)

Dielectric methods

328

(9)

Radiometric methods

337

(4)

The nuclear magnetic resonance method

341

(5)

Infrared spectroscopy method

346

(1)

Chemical methods

347

(2)

Ultrasonic methods

349

(1)

Azeotropic distillation method

349

(1)

Extraction method

349

(1)

Relative humidity

349

(2)

Psychrometric method

351

(2)

Dew point measurement method

353

(2)

Equilibrium electrolytic moisture meter

355

(1)

Coulometric method

356

(1)

Sorption methods

356

(2)

Spectral methods

358

(1)

Temperature

359

(3)

Contact dilatation thermometers

362

(2)

Electric thermometers

364

(4)

Pyrometers

368

(3)

Capillary pressure

371

(2)

Salts and other chemical compounds content

373

(1)

Qualitative methods used on a construction

374

(1)

Sampling and sample preparation for analysis

374

(2)

Determination of pH and salts content

376

(3)

Nondestructive determination of salts content

379

(3)

Pore distribution

382

(2)

Hygric properties

384

(23)

Moisture storage characteristics

384

(1)

Sorption isotherms

384

(1)

Water retention curves

385

(3)

Moisture transport parameters

388

(2)

Water vapour permeability

390

(5)

Water sorptivity

395

(1)

Moisture diffusivity

396

(4)

Hydraulic conductivity

400

(1)

Water permeability

401

(1)

Simultaneous determination of moisture storage and moisture transport parameters

402

(3)

Hygric expansion coefficients

405

(2)

Thermal properties

407

(37)

Hydration heat

407

(5)

Specific heat capacity

412

(1)

Mixing methods

413

(1)

Relative methods

414

(2)

Adiabatic heating methods

416

(1)

Nonadiabatic method for high-temperature applications

416

(3)

Thermal diffusivity

419

(3)

Transient sourceless methods

422

(2)

Point pulse source methods

424

(1)

Continuous point source methods

424

(2)

Line source methods

426

(1)

Planar source methods

426

(1)

Volume and combined source methods

427

(1)

Thermal conductivity

428

(1)

Steady-state methods

428

(1)

Transient methods

429

(2)

Indirect methods

431

(1)

Solution of inverse problems with temperature dependent thermal conductivity

431

(10)

Thermal expansion coefficients

441

(3)

Other parameters

444

(17)

Gas permeability

444

(2)

Ion binding isotherms

446

(1)

Salt diffusion coefficient

447

(4)

References

451

(10)

Examples of practical applications of computational models of heat, moisture and salt transport in the design of concrete structures

461

(42)

Building physics related assessment of the envelope

461

(14)

Hydration heat related problems in large-scale concrete structures

475

(6)

Mathematical model

476

(1)

Temperature fields

476

(1)

Moisture fields

477

(1)

Hygrothermal stress fields

477

(2)

Computational results

479

(2)

Concrete in high temperature conditions

481

(5)

Salt transport induced embedded steel corrosion

486

(5)

Service life prediction models

491

(12)

Approaches for predicting the service life of concrete

491

(5)

Recommendations for the improved service life analyses from the point of view of transport phenomena

496

(4)

References

500

(3)

Appendix 1 Basic mathematical relations

503

(8)

A.1.1 Coordinate transformations

503

(1)

A.1.2 Tensors and their basic properties

504

(2)

A.1.3 Vector and tensor operations

506

(3)

A.1.4 Integral relationships

509

(2)

Appendix 2 Recommended data for material parameters of concrete

511

(30)

A.2.1 Density and bulk density

513

(1)

A.2.2 Hydration heat of clinker minerals and cements

514

(2)

A.2.3 Thermal conductivity

516

(4)

A.2.4 Specific heat capacity

520

(3)

A.2.5 Water permeability, hydraulic conductivity and moisture diffusivity

523

(5)

A.2.6 Gas permeability, gas diffusion coefficient, water vapour permeability, water vapour diffusion resistance factor

528

(2)

A.2.7 Sorption isotherms and water retention curves

530

(2)

A.2.8 Salt diffusion coefficients

532

(2)

A.2.9 Ion binding isotherms

534

(7)

References

535

(6)

Subject index

541

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Transport Processes in Concrete

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials