Treaty Interpretation

This book explains the rules for interpretation of treaties and gives examples of their application in national and international jurisdictions. The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties now apply to virtually all treaties which may beencountered in an international context and also within national legal systems where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, and also some administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations, are increasingly likely to encounter issues oftreaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Now that the codified rules of treaty interpretation have been in force for some twenty-five years, there is a considerable body ofcase-law on their application. This case-law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has toconsider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of therelevant domestic legislation. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules.

Richard Gardiner has been a lecturer at the University College of London for the past twenty years and also practices as a barrister. Prior to this he was an assistant legal adviser at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for twelve years. He is the author of a book on international law and has written many articles on international law topics. He is one of the editors of Shawcross and Beaumont on Air Law.

Introduction
Part I - Overview, History, Materials, and Dramatis Personae
1. A Single Set of Rules of Interpretation
2. Development of Rules of Interpretation
3. Interpretative Material Generated in Making Treaties
4. Who Uses the Vienna Convention to Interpret Treaties?
Part II - Interpretation Applying the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
5. The General Rule: (1) The Treaty, its Terms, and their Ordinary Meaning
6. The General Rule: (2) Agreements as Context, Subsequent Agreements, and Subsequent Practice
7. The General Rule: (3) Relevant Rules of International Law and Special Meanings
8. Supplementary Means of Interpretation
9. Languages