Trichoderma And Gliocladium. Volume 1: Basic

Fungi belonging to the genera Trichoderma and Gliocladium are soil-borne saprophytes which have been used for industrial and agricultural applications for decades. Some strains produce enzymes and antibiotics while others are useful as biological agents for the protections of plants against pathogens. This first volume of two, gives a detailed account of the morphology and taxonomy of Trichoderma and Gliocladium, before discussing their ecology and basic biology. Molecular biological aspects examined include their genome and gene structure, genetic transformation and asexual genetics. A chapter on safety aspects is also included.

Preface

Contributors

PART ONE Basic biology

1

(206)

Morphology and identification of Trichoderma

3

(32)

W. Gams

J. Bissett

Introduction

3

(1)

Taxonomic history

4

(1)

Methodology

4

(2)

Morphology

6

(2)

The genus Trichoderma

8

(27)

Acknowledgements

25

(6)

References

31

(4)

Molecular taxonomy of Trichoderma and Gliocladium and their teleomorphs

35

(22)

E. Lieckfeldt

K. Kuhls

S. Muthumeenakshi

Introduction

35

(1)

Macromolecular markers in Trichoderma and Gliocladium taxonomy-an overview

35

(4)

The species concepts of Trichoderma and Gliocladium-comparison of molecular data to morphologically-based classification systems

39

(11)

Future prospects-a critical evaluation of taxon definition based on molecular data

50

(7)

Acknowledgements

53

(1)

References

53

(4)

Ecology of Trichoderma

57

(18)

D. Klein

D. E. Eveleigh

Introduction

57

(3)

Methodology

60

(4)

General ecology

64

(5)

Summary

69

(6)

Acknowledgements

69

(1)

References

69

(6)

Sporulation and light-induced development in Trichoderma

75

(20)

V. Betina

V. Farkas

Introduction

75

(1)

Physiological aspects of photoconidiation

75

(2)

Photoreceptor(s)

77

(2)

Biochemical and physiological responses to illumination

79

(7)

Studies with inhibitors

86

(1)

Genetic studies

87

(2)

Concluding remarks

89

(6)

Acknowledgements

90

(1)

References

90

(5)

Nutrition, cellular structure and basic metabolic pathways in Trichoderma and Gliocladium

95

(26)

E. M. Kubicek-Pranz

Introduction

95

(1)

Nutritional requirements and transport

95

(6)

Influence of extrinsic factors on growth

101

(1)

Cellular ultrastructure and macromolecules

102

(3)

Primary metabolism

105

(4)

Signal transduction and regulatory circuits

109

(12)

Acknowledgements

110

(1)

References

111

(10)

Protein secretion and glycosylation in Trichoderma

121

(18)

G. Palamarczyk

M. Maras

R. Contreras

J. Kruszewska

The secretory pathway of eukaryotic microorganisms

121

(3)

The biology of the Trichoderma secretory pathway

124

(3)

Carbohydrate structure of Trichoderma reesei glycoproteins

127

(2)

Dolichol-dependent protein mannosylation in Trichoderma reesei

129

(10)

Acknowledgements

133

(1)

References

133

(6)

Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma and Gliocladium

139

(54)

K. Sivasithamparam

E. L. Ghisalberti

Introduction

139

(1)

Primary and secondary metabolites

140

(1)

Types of secondary metabolites

141

(38)

Correlation of secondary metabolites

179

(1)

Biological activity of secondary metabolites

179

(2)

Concluding remarks

181

(12)

References

181

(12)

The safety of Trichoderma and Gliocladium

193

(14)

H. Nevalainen

D. Neethling

Introduction

193

(1)

Natural environments and functions of Trichoderma and Gliocladium in the ecosystem

193

(2)

Safety issues related to product manufacture and use

195

(5)

Conclusion and recommendations

200

(7)

References

200

(7)

PART TWO Molecular biology and genetics

207

(64)

Trichoderma spp. genome and gene structure

209

(16)

G. H. Goldman

C. H. Pellizzon

M. Marins

J. O. McInerney

M. H. S. Goldman

Introduction

209

(1)

Size and organization of the genome

209

(5)

Gene cloning

214

(1)

Translation control sequences

214

(1)

Codon usage

215

(5)

Conclusions

220

(5)

References

221

(4)

Genetic transformation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium

225

(18)

R. L. Mach

S. Zeilinger

Introduction

225

(1)

Transformation procedures

226

(3)

Transforming DNA

229

(3)

Purification and characterization of transformants

232

(2)

Applications in molecular biology and microbiology

234

(2)

Concluding remarks

236

(7)

References

236

(7)

Asexual genetics in Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Mechanisms and implications

243

(28)

G. E. Harman

C. K. Hayes

K. L. Ondik

Introduction

243

(1)

Asexual variation in the nuclear genome in the absence of genetic recombination

244

(9)

Variation in the nuclear genome resulting from asexual genetic recombination

253

(8)

Summary of asexual genetic variation in fungi

261

(1)

Nuclear arrangements within Trichoderma harzianum thalli

262

(2)

Implications of asexual genetics in Trichoderma relative to ecological fitness and taxonomy

264

(7)

References

266

(5)

Index

271

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Trichoderma And Gliocladium. Volume 1: Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics

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Table of Contents

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