TurkmenistanÆs Foreign Policy: Positive

Turkmenistan, an independent nation since 1991, is a strategically important Central Asian state. This book covers the most significant period of the establishment of the Turkmen political regime. At the core of this book is the Doctrine of Positive Neutrality, which, from 1995 onwards, constituted the theoretical backbone for the foreign policy of post-Soviet Turkmenistan. The author analyses the reason and aim of the concept, its significance for and impact on the country "s domestic and foreign relations, its practical implementation and its transformation into a tool of strengthening of absolute personal authority. Furthermore, he establishes whether Positive Neutrality has to be seen as a domestic-oriented " foreign policy, which has been used by the Turkmen regime to reinforce its internal position. . This is the first book-length and thorough analysis of Turkmenistan "s foreign policy. It furthers our understanding of Turkmenistan, and provides an informed background for the study of its foreign policy. It fills a void in the current literature, and it will constitute an essential reference for most scholars and researcher focusing on contemporary Central Asia, Russian foreign policy, Foreign Policy, International Relations and Comparative Politics.

List of illustrations
Introduction	p. 1
Contextualising Turkmenistan's foreign policy	p. 7
Establishing a conceptual framework for the policy of Positive Neutrality	p. 9
Turkmen foreign policy in the late Soviet era: statements and objectives	p. 10
Turkmen foreign policy in the early post-Soviet era (January-August 1992)	p. 12
The path towards neutrality (August 1992-December 1995)	p. 22
The Doctrine of Positive Neutrality: contents and objectives	p. 26
Conclusion	p. 30
Turkmen authoritarianism in the post-Soviet era	p. 32
The establishment of the regime (1992-1996)	p. 33
Regime consolidation (1997-2002)	p. 37
The strengthening of authoritarianism (2003-2006)	p. 40
The post-Niyazov era (2007)	p. 43
Conclusion	p. 47
The Doctrine of Positive Neutrality as a key element in nation-building	p. 49
Sultanistic accretions in Niyazov's Turkmenistan	p. 51
The place of foreign policy in the Turkmen rhetorical paradigm	p. 53
Conclusion	p. 59
The operational dimension of Turkmen foreign policy	p. 61
The economic foreign policy of neutral Turkmenistan	p. 63
Turkmen economy: a brief outline	p. 65
Redirecting Turkmen trade	p. 71
Turkmenistan's energy policy	p. 81
Conclusion: the impact of internal factors on Turkmenistan's economic foreign policy	p. 93
Neutrality as equidistance from sources of dependency: Russo-Turkmen relations in the post-Soviet era	p. 97
Shifting paradigms: Russo-Turkmen mutual perceptions in the Kozyrev era	p. 98
Russo-Turkmen relations in the post-Soviet era: the multilateral dimension	p. 103
Russo-Turkmen relations in the post-Soviet era: the bilateral dimension	p. 112
Conclusion	p. 122
Neutrality as a policy of insulation: the international community and human rights violations in Turkmenistan	p. 124
Human rights rhetoric in the Turkmen foreign policy paradigm	p. 126
Insulating Turkmenistan: Positive Neutrality and human rights	p. 128
Conclusion	p. 137
Turkmen foreign policy in the post-Niyazov era	p. 139
Declaratory foreign policy	p. 140
Operational foreign policy	p. 143
Conclusion	p. 145
Conclusion: continuity and change in Turkmen foreign policy-making	p. 147
Phase 1 (1992-1995): equidistance	p. 148
Phase 2 (1996-1999): rapprochement with Russia	p. 150
Phase 3 (2000-2007): insulation	p. 152
Concluding observations: the key objective of Positive Neutrality	p. 154
Appendix	p. 156
Notes	p. 158
Bibliography	p. 196
Index	p. 206
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TurkmenistanÆs Foreign Policy: Positive Neutrality and the consolidation of the Turkmen Regime

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