Uncertain Victory Social Democracy and

Between 1870 and 1920, two generations of European and American intellectuals created a transatlantic community of philosophical and political discourse. Uncertain Victory, the first comparative study of ideas and politics in France, Germany, the U.S., and Great Britain during these fiftyyears, demonstrates how a number of thinkers from different traditions converged to create the theoretical foundations for new programs of social democracy and progressivism. Kloppenberg studies a wide range of pivotal theorists and activists--including philosophers such as William James, WilhelmDilthey, and T. H. Green, democratic socialists such as Jean Jaures, Walter Rauschenbusch, Eduard Bernstein, and Beatrice and Sidney Webb, and social theorists such as John Dewey and Max Weber--as he establishes the connection between the philosophers' challenges to the traditions of empiricism andidealism and the activists' opposition to the traditions of laissez-faire liberalism and revolutionary socialism. By demonstrating a link between a philosophy of self-conscious uncertainty and a politics of continuing democratic experimentation, and by highlighting previously unrecognizedsimilarities among a number of prominent 19th- and 20th-century thinkers, Uncertain Victory is sure to spur a reassessment of the relationship between ideas and politics on both sides of the Atlantic.

James T. Kloppenberg is Associate Professor of History at Brandeis University

Introduction	p. 3

The Philosophy of the Via Media	p. 15
Beyond Kant: Religion and Science in Nineteenth-Century Thought	p. 15
Portraits: A Generation of Radical Philosophers	p. 26
Clearing the Field: Critiques of Associationism and Idealism	p. 46
The Radical Theory of Knowledge	p. 64
The Immediacy of Lived Experience	p. 64
The Consciousness of Continuity and the Continuity of Consciousness	p. 73
Voluntary Action and Pragmatic Truth	p. 79
Culture, Understanding, and History	p. 95
The Social and Meaningful Quality of Experience	p. 95
Interpretation as a Means of Knowing	p. 100
The Historical Sensibility	p. 107
The Ethics of Rational Benevolence	p. 115
Beyond Utilitarianism and Intuitionism	p. 115
The Conflict Between Prudence and Justice	p. 123
The Historicity of Ethics and the Burden of Responsibility	p. 132
From Philosophy to Politics	p. 145
The Politics of the Via Media	p. 145
Political Reform and the Role of Intellectuals	p. 160
Resurrecting the Common Good	p. 170

From Socialism to Social Democracy	p. 199
The Origins of Social Democracy	p. 199
The Critique of Socialist Reason	p. 224
Rethinking Economic Theory: Where Marx Went Wrong	p. 239
Social Democratic Politics	p. 247
Reform Strategy and the Tactics of Liberal Alliance	p. 247
Democracy and the Problem of Expertise	p. 267
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity Reconsidered	p. 277
From Liberalism to Progressivism	p. 298
Drifting from Liberalism	p. 298
Understanding Social Experience	p. 329
The Problem of Ethics in a Disenchanted World	p. 340
Progressive Politics	p. 349
Political Action and Cultural Change	p. 349
Progressive Education	p. 373
Bureaucracy versus Democracy	p. 381
The Prospect of Justice	p. 395
Freedom and Property	p. 395
Toward a Harmony of Free Wills	p. 401
Conclusion: Knowledge, Responsibility, and Reform	p. 410
Notes	p. 417
Bibliography	p. 511
Index	p. 529
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Uncertain Victory Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920

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