A Unified Approach to Nasality And Voicing

This book makes an important contribution to the expanding body of work in generative phonology which aims to reduce the number of traditionally recognized melodic categories in order to achieve a greater degree of restrictiveness. By analyzing data from a large number of different languages, Nasukawa establishes a clear affinity between nasality and voicing, and demonstrates the advantages of treating these two properties as different phonetic manifestations of a single nasal-voice category. The choice of whether to interpret this category as voicing or nasality is determined by the active or inactive status of a complement tier. This study deepens our understanding of the typological relation between nasality and voicing, and sheds new light on a number of related agreement phenomena.

Abstract

vii

Acknowledgements

ix

Abbreviations and symbols

xv

Chapter 1 Nasal-voice affinities

1.1 Introduction

1

(1)

1.2 The relation between nasal and voice

2

(8)

1.2.1 Nasal-voice paradox

2

(4)

1.2.1.1 Voice in nasals

2

(2)

1.2.1.2 Nasals without voice

4

(2)

1.2.2 The appearance of nasality in voiced obstruents

6

(7)

1.2.2.1 Spontaneous prenasalisation

6

(2)

1.2.2.2 Spontaneous velar nasalisation

8

(1)

1.2.2.3 The appearance of nasality in verb-stem-final

9

(1)

1.3 An overview of this work

10

(103)

Chapter 2 Typological aspects of nasality and voicing

2.1 Introduction

113

2.2 Nasality

13

(7)

2.2.1 The distribution of nasal-oral contrasts across different languages

13

(2)

2.2.2 Phonological phenomena in nasality

15

(5)

2.3 'Voicing'

20

(6)

2.3.1 Introduction

20

(1)

2.3.2 Laryngeal-source contrasts and VOT categories

21

(1)

2.3.3 The distribution of VOT contrasts across different languages

21

(1)

2.3.4 Phonological phenomena in long-lead plosives

22

(2)

2.3.5 Postnasal voicing

24

(2)

2.4 Implicational universals between nasality and long voicing lead

26

(1)

2.5 Prenasalised 'voiced' plosives

27

(5)

2.5.1 The distribution of prenasalised 'voiced' plosives across languages

27

(3)

2.5.2 Prenasalised plosives as a result of dynamic alternation

30

(2)

2.6 Summary

32

(3)

Chapter 3 The melodic architecture of nasality, voicing and prenasality

3.1 Introduction

35

(1)

3.2 Defining melodic primes

35

(2)

3.3 Elements

37

(4)

3.4 Nasality

41

(3)

3.4.1 The characterisation of nasality

41

(1)

3.4.2 Problems associated with dual representations

41

(1)

3.4.3 The nasal element

42

(2)

3.5 VOT contrasts in ET

44

(3)

3.6 The melodic representation of prenasalised plosives

47

(3)

3.7 Implicational universals and some problems

50

(3)

Chapter 4 An integrated approach to nasality and long-lead voicing

4.1 Introduction

53

(3)

4.2 Previous analysis of the nasal-voice paradox

56

(5)

4.2.1 Underspecification and rules

56

(1)

4.2.2 Feature licensing and constraints

56

(4)

4.2.3 The major-class feature [sonorant]

60

(1)

4.3 An alternative analysis of the paradox

61

(14)

4.3.1 Dual phonetic interpretation of a single element

61

(3)

4.3.2 Potential problems with the notion of melodic headedness

64

(4)

4.3.3 Element activation and the complement tier

68

(4)

4.3.4 The nasal-voice distinction

72

(2)

4.3.5 N-[comp] LICENSING

74

(1)

4.4 Rendaku with N-[comp]

75

(2)

4.5 [N]-activation in NC-clusters

77

(12)

4.5.1 The extension of [N]-activation

77

(1)

4.5.2 Postnasal voicing and proper government

78

(4)

4.5.3 *[h, N] and PARSE (strong)

82

(7)

4.6 The appearance of [N] in verb-stem-final b

89

(5)

4.6.1 Earlier work within ET

89

(1)

4.6.2 Nasal alternation in b and [N]/N-[comp]-activation

90

(4)

4.7 Summary

94

(1)

Chapter 5 Prenasalisation and nasalisation of voiced obstruents

5.1 Introduction

95

(1)

5.2 Spontaneous prenasalisation in Northern Tohoku Japanese

96

(2)

5.2.1 The distribution of prenasalised segments

96

(2)

5.2.2 Nasal insertion

98

(1)

5.3 Intervocalic sites as contexts favouring lenition

98

(5)

5.4 Prenasalisation as lenition

103

(4)

5.4.1 Element suppression

103

(1)

5.4.2 The melodic representation of prenasalised plosives

103

(2)

5.4.3 Complement tier and melodic complexity

105

(2)

5.5 Spontaneous velar nasalisation

107

(3)

5.5.1 The distribution of the voiced velar nasal

107

(1)

5.5.2 Licensing and the voiced velar nasal

108

(2)

5.6 Summary

110

(1)

Chapter 6 Assimilatory processes involving nasality and voicing

6.1 Introduction

111

(1)

6.2 Classes of target, scope and directionality

112

(3)

6.3 Nasal harmony

115

(8)

6.3.1 Opacity and transparency in autosegmental spreading

115

(3)

6.3.2 Nasality as a property of prosodic categories

118

(3)

6.3.3 Problems

121

(2)

6.4 A unified analysis of opacity and transparency effects in nasal harmony

123

(16)

6.4.1 Harmonic agreement

123

(3)

6.4.2 Nasal harmony as inter-nuclear agreement

126

(3)

6.4.3 Opacity in inter-nuclear nasal agreement

129

(3)

6.4.4 Transparency in inter-nuclear nasal agreement

132

(3)

6.4.5 Prenasalisation in nasal harmony

135

(4)

6.5 Voicing assimilation as N-[comp] agreement

139

(4)

6.6 Why no short and long-distance prenasal assimilation?

143

(1)

6.7 Summary

143

(4)

Chapter 7 Conclusion

7.1 Summary

147

(3)

7.2 Future research

150

(3)

Notes

153

(10)

References

163

(16)

Language index

179

(2)

Subject index

181

(6)

Author index

187

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A Unified Approach to Nasality And Voicing

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials