UNIX System Administration Handbook

, by Nemeth, Evi; Snyder, Garth; Seebass, Scott; Hein, Trent

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780130206015 | 0130206016
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/29/2000

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This handbook is the fully updated, highly anticipated revision of the hands-down bestselling UNIX system administration guide. Better than ever, it's an indispensable tutorial for new UNIX/Linux systems. The authors have updated this classic with not just theory, but hundreds of war stories and great insights from those in the trenches.

Foreword

xxvi

Foreword to the Second Edition

xxvii

Foreword to the First Edition

xxix

Preface

xxxi

Acknowledgments

xxxiv

BASIC ADMINISTRATION

Where to Start

(11)

Suggested background

(1)

The sordid history of UNIX

(1)

Example UNIX systems

(1)

Notation and typographical conventions

(1)

System-specific information

(1)

How to use your manuals

(3)

Organization of the man pages

(1)

man: read manual pages

(1)

Essential tasks of the system administrator

(1)

Adding and removing users

(1)

Adding and removing hardware

(1)

Performing backups

(1)

Installing new software

(1)

Monitoring the system

(1)

Troubleshooting

(1)

Maintaining local documentation

(1)

Auditing security

(1)

Helping users

(1)

How to find files on the Internet

(1)

System administration under duress

(1)

System Administration Personality Syndrome

(1)

Recommended reading

(1)

Booting and Shutting Down

(25)

Bootstrapping

(4)

Automatic and manual booting

(1)

Steps in the boot process

(1)

Kernel initialization

(1)

Hardware configuration

(1)

System processes

(1)

Operator intervention (manual boot only)

(1)

Execution of startup scripts

(1)

Multiuser operation

(1)

Booting PCs

(6)

How a PC is different from proprietary hardware

(1)

The PC boot process

(1)

LILO: the Linux boot loader

(1)

Configuring LILO

(1)

The FreeBSD boot loader

(1)

Multibooting on PCs

(1)

Multibooting gotchas

(1)

LILO multiboot configuration

(1)

FreeBSD multiboot configuration

(1)

Booting in single-user mode

(2)

Solaris single-user mode

(1)

HP-UX single-user mode

(1)

Linux single-user mode

(1)

FreeBSD single-user mode

(1)

Startup scripts

(9)

SystemV-style startup scripts

(3)

Solaris startup scripts

(1)

HP-UX startup scripts

(2)

Red Hat startup scripts

(2)

FreeBSD startup scripts

(1)

Rebooting and shutting down

(4)

Turning off the power

(1)

shutdown: the genteel way to halt the system

(1)

halt: a simpler way to shut down

(1)

reboot: quick and dirty restart

(1)

Sending init a TERM signal

(1)

telinit: change init's run level

(1)

Killing init

(1)

Rootly Powers

(8)

Ownership of files and processes

(2)

The superuser

(1)

Choosing a root password

(1)

Becoming root

(4)

su: substitute user identity

(1)

sudo: a limited su

(3)

Other pseudo-users

(1)

daeman: owner of unprivileged system software

(1)

bin: owner of the system commands

(1)

sys: owner of the kernel and memory images

(1)

nobody: the generic NFS user

(1)

Controlling Processes

(15)

Components of a process

(2)

PID: process ID number

(1)

PPID: parent PID

(1)

UID and EUID: real and effective user ID

(1)

GID and EGID: real and effective group ID

(1)

Niceness

(1)

Control terminal

(1)

The life cycle of a process

(1)

Signals

(3)

kill: send signals

(1)

Process states

(1)

nice and renice: influence sheduling priority

(1)

ps: monitor processes

(4)

top: monitor processes even better

(1)

Runaway processes

(3)

The Filesystem

(16)

Pathnames

(1)

Mounting and unmounting filesystems

(2)

The organization of the file tree

(2)

File types

(3)

Regular files

(1)

Directories

(1)

Character and block device files

(1)

UNIX domain sockets

(1)

Named pipes

(1)

Symbolic links

(1)

File attributes

(7)

The setuid and setgid bits

(1)

The sticky bit

(1)

The permission bits

(1)

Viewing file attributes

(2)

FreeBSD bonus flags

(1)

chmod: change permissions

(1)

chown and chgrp: change ownerships

(1)

umask: assign default permissions

(1)

Adding New Users

(17)

The/etc/passwd file

(5)

(1)

Encrypted password

(1)

UID number

(1)

Default GID number

(1)

GECOS field

(1)

Home directory

(1)

The FreeBSD/etc/master.passwd file

(1)

The FreeBSD/etc/login.conf file

(1)

The Solaris and Red Hat/etc/shadow file

(2)

The/etc/group file

(1)

Adding users

(5)

Editing the passwd and shadow files

(1)

Setting an initial password

(1)

Creating the user's home directory

(1)

Copying in the default startup files

(1)

Setting the user's mail home

(1)

Editing the/etc/group file

(1)

Setting disk quotas

(1)

Verifying the new login

(1)

Removing users

(1)

Disabling logins

(1)

Vendor-supplied account management utilities

(2)

Serial Devices

(25)

Serial standards

(4)

Alternative connectors

(4)

The mini DIN-8 variant

(1)

The DB-9 variant

(1)

The RJ-45 variant

(1)

The Yost standard for RJ-45 wiring

(2)

Hard and soft carrier

101

(1)

Hardware flow control

102

(1)

Cable length

102

(1)

Serial device files

103

(1)

Software configuration for serial devices

103

(1)

Configuration of hardwired terminals

104

(6)

The login process

105

(1)

The/etc/ttys and/etc/ttytab files

106

(1)

The /etc/ttytype file

106

(1)

The/etc/gettytab file

107

(1)

The/etc/inittab file

107

(1)

The/etc/gettydefs file

108

(1)

Solaris and sacadm

109

(1)

Terminal support: the termcap and terminfo databases

109

(1)

Special characters and the terminal driver

110

(1)

stty: set terminal options

111

(1)

tset: set options automatically

112

(1)

How to unwedge a terminal

112

(1)

Modems

113

(2)

Modulation, error correction, and data compression protocols

113

(1)

Dial-out configuration:/etc/phones and/etc/remote

114

(1)

Bidirectional modems

115

(1)

Debugging a serial line

115

(1)

Other common I/O ports

116

(2)

Parallel ports

116

(1)

USB: the Universal Serial Bus

117

(1)

Adding a Disk

118

(39)

Disk interfaces

118

(8)

The SCSI interface

120

(4)

The IDE interface

124

(2)

Which is better, SCSI or IDE?

126

(1)

Disk geometry

126

(2)

An overview of the disk installation procedure

128

(8)

Connecting the disk

128

(1)

Creating device entries

129

(1)

Formatting the disk

129

(1)

Labeling and partitioning the disk

130

(1)

Establishing logical volumes

131

(1)

Creating UNIX filesystems

132

(1)

Setting up automatic mounting

133

(3)

Enabling swapping

136

(1)

fsck: check and repair filesystems

136

(2)

Vendor specifics

138

(19)

Adding a disk to Solaris

139

(4)

Adding a disk to HP-UX

143

(5)

Adding a disk to Red Hat Linux

148

(5)

Adding a disk to FreeBSD

153

(4)

Periodic Processes

157

(7)

cron: schedule commands

157

(1)

The format of crontab files

158

(2)

Crontab management

160

(1)

Some common uses for cron

160

(2)

Cleaning the filesystem

161

(1)

Network distribution of configuration files

162

(1)

Rotating log files

162

(1)

Vendor specifics

162

(2)

Backups

164

(40)

Motherhood and apple pie

165

(4)

Perform all dumps from one machine

165

(1)

Label your tapes

165

(1)

Pick a reasonable backup interval

166

(1)

Choose filesystems carefully

166

(1)

Make daily dumps fit on one tape

166

(1)

Make filesystems smaller than your dump device

167

(1)

Keep tapes off-site

167

(1)

Protect your backups

167

(1)

Limit activity during dumps

167

(1)

Check your tapes

168

(1)

Develop a tape life cycle

169

(1)

Design your data for backups

169

(1)

Prepare for the worst

169

(1)

Backup devices and media

169

(6)

Floppy disks

170

(1)

Super floppies

170

(1)

CD-R and CD-RW

171

(1)

Removable hard disks

171

(1)

8mm cartridge tapes

171

(1)

DAT (4mm) cartridge tapes

172

(1)

Travan tapes

172

(1)

OnStream ADR

172

(1)

DLT

172

(1)

AIT

173

(1)

Mammoth

173

(1)

Jukeboxes, stackers, and tape libraries

173

(1)

Hard disks

174

(1)

Summary of media types

174

(1)

What to buy

174

(1)

Setting up an incremental backup regime

175

(5)

Dumping filesystems

176

(3)

Dump sequences

179

(1)

Restoring from dumps

180

(4)

Restoring individual files

180

(2)

Restoring entire filesystems

182

(2)

Dumping and restoring for upgrades

184

(1)

Using other archiving programs

184

(2)

tar: package files

184

(1)

cpio: SysV-ish archiving

185

(1)

dd: twiddle bits

185

(1)

volcopy: dupulicate filesystems

186

(1)

Using multiple files on a single tape

186

(1)

Amanda

187

(15)

The architecture of Amanda

188

(1)

Amanda setup

188

(2)

The amanda.conf file

190

(5)

The disklist file

195

(1)

Amanda log files

196

(1)

Amanda debugging

196

(4)

File restoration from an Amanda backup

200

(1)

Alternatives to Amanda: other open source backup packages

201

(1)

Commercial backup products

202

(1)

ADSM/TSM

202

(1)

Veritas

202

(1)

Legato

203

(1)

Other alternatives

203

(1)

Recommended reading

203

(1)

Syslog and Log Files

204

(20)

Logging policies

204

(3)

Throwing away log files

204

(1)

Rotating log files

205

(1)

Archiving log files

206

(1)

Finding log files

207

(1)

Files NOT to manage

208

(1)

Vendor specifics

209

(1)

Syslog: the system event logger

210

(12)

Configuring syslogd

211

(2)

Red Hat enhancements to syslog

213

(1)

FreeBSD enhancements to syslog

214

(1)

Config the examples

215

(2)

Sample syslog output

217

(1)

Designing a logging scheme for your site

218

(1)

Software that uses syslog

218

(1)

Debugging syslog

219

(1)

Using syslog from programs

220

(2)

Condensing log files to useful information

222

(2)

Drivers and the Kernel

224

(37)

Kernel types

225

(1)

Why configure the kernel?

226

(1)

Confiruging a Solaris kernel

226

(3)

The Solaris kernel area

227

(1)

Configuring the kernel with/etc/system

228

(1)

An example/etc/system file

228

(1)

Debugging a Solaris configuration

229

(1)

Building an HP-UX kernel

229

(2)

Configuring a Linux kernel

231

(2)

Building the Linux kernel binary

232

(1)

Tuning your Linux configuration

233

(1)

Building a FreeBSD kernel

233

(4)

The master recipe for building a kernel

234

(1)

Audit the system's hardware

235

(1)

Create a configuration file in SYS/i386/conf

235

(1)

Run config

236

(1)

Run make depend

236

(1)

Build the kernel

236

(1)

Install the new kernel

237

(1)

Test the new kernel

237

(1)

Document the new kernel

237

(1)

Creating a BSD configuration file

237

(9)

The maxusers keyword

238

(1)

The options keyword

239

(1)

The config keyword

240

(1)

Hardware devices

240

(2)

The pseudo-device keyword

242

(1)

A sample FreeBSD configuration file

243

(1)

Tuning the FreeBSD kernel

244

(2)

Adding device drivers

246

(6)

Device numbers

247

(1)

Adding a Solaris device driver

248

(1)

Adding a Linux device driver

249

(2)

Adding a FreeBSD device driver

251

(1)

Device files

252

(1)

Naming conventions for devices

252

(1)

Loadable kernel modules

253

(4)

Loadable kernel modules on Solaris

253

(1)

Loadable kernel modules in Linux

254

(2)

Loadable kernel modules in FreeBSD

256

(1)

Recommended reading

257

(4)

NETWORKING

TCP/IP Networking

261

(81)

TCP/IP and the Internet

262

(3)

A brief history sesson

262

(1)

How the Internet is managed today

263

(1)

Network standards and documentation

263

(2)

Networking road map

265

(1)

Packets and encapsulation

266

(5)

The link layer

267

(2)

Packet addressing

269

(1)

Ports

270

(1)

Address types

271

(1)

IP addresses: the gory details

271

(12)

IP address classes

272

(1)

Subnetting and netmasks

272

(3)

The IP address crisis

275

(1)

CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing

276

(2)

Address allocation

278

(1)

Private addresses and NAT

279

(2)

IPv6 addressing

281

(2)

Routing

283

(2)

Routing tables

283

(2)

ICMP redirects

285

(1)

ARP: The address resolution protocol

285

(2)

DHCP: the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

287

(4)

DHCP software

288

(1)

How DHCP works

288

(1)

ISC's DHCP server

289

(2)

PPP: the Point-to-Point Protocol

291

(4)

Addressing PPP performance issues

292

(1)

Connecting to a network with PPP

293

(1)

Making your host speak PPP

293

(1)

Controlling PPP links

293

(1)

Finding a host to talk to

294

(1)

Assigning an address

294

(1)

Routing

294

(1)

Ensuring security

294

(1)

Using terminal servers

295

(1)

Using chat scripts

295

(1)

Security issues

295

(3)

IP forwarding

295

(1)

ICMP redirects

295

(1)

Source routing

296

(1)

Broadcast pings and other forms of directed broadcast

296

(1)

UNIX-based firewalls

296

(1)

Virtual private networks

296

(1)

IPSEC: secure IP

297

(1)

Addition of machines to a network

298

(8)

Assigning hostnames and IP addresses

298

(2)

ifconfig: configure network interfaces

300

(2)

route: configure static routes

302

(2)

Default routes

304

(1)

Configuring DNS

304

(2)

Vendor-specific network configuration

306

(1)

Solaris network configuration

307

(8)

Basic network configuration for Solaris

307

(2)

Configuration examples for Solaris

309

(1)

DHCP configuration for Solaris

310

(1)

Dynamic reconfiguration and tuning for Solaris

311

(2)

Security, firewalls, filtering, and NAT for Solaris

313

(1)

PPP configuration for Solaris

314

(1)

Networking quicks for Solaris

315

(1)

HP-UX network configuration

315

(7)

Basic network configuration for HP-UX

315

(2)

Configuration examples for HP-UX

317

(1)

DHCP configuration for HP-UX

318

(1)

Dynamic reconfiguration and tuning for HP-UX

319

(1)

Security, firewalls, filtering, and NAT for HP-UX

320

(1)

PPP configuration for HP-UX

321

(1)

Networking quirks for HP-UX

322

(1)

Network configuration for Red Hat

322

(8)

Basic network configuration for Red Hat

322

(1)

Configuration examples for Red Hat

323

(1)

DHCP configuration for Red Hat

324

(1)

Dynamic reconfiguration and tuning for Red Hat

325

(1)

Security, firewalls, filters, and NAT for Red Hat

326

(3)

PPP configuration for Red Hat

329

(1)

Networking quirks for Red Hat

329

(1)

Network configuration for FreeBSD

330

(10)

Basic network configuration for FreeBSD

330

(1)

Configuration examples for FreeBSD

331

(1)

DHCP configuration for FreeBSD

332

(1)

Dynamic reconfiguration and tuning for FreeBSD

333

(1)

Security, firewalls, filters, and NAT for FreeBSD

333

(4)

PPP configuration for FreeBSD

337

(3)

Networking quirks for FreeBSD

340

(1)

Recommended reading

340

(2)

Routing

342

(30)

Packet forwarding: a closer look

343

(2)

Routing daemons and routing protocols

345

(4)

Distance-vector protocols

346

(1)

Link-state protocols

347

(1)

Cost metrics

348

(1)

Interior and exterior protocols

348

(1)

Protocols on parade

349

(2)

RIP: Routing Information Protocol

349

(1)

RIP-2: Routing Information Protocol, version 2

349

(1)

OSPF: Open Shortest Path First

350

(1)

IGRP and EIGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

350

(1)

IS-IS: the ISO ``standard''

351

(1)

MOSPF, DVMRP, and PIM: multicast routing protocols

351

(1)

Router Discovery Protocol

351

(1)

routed: RIP yourself a new hole

351

(1)

gated: a better routing daemon

352

(14)

gated startup and control

353

(1)

Tracing

353

(1)

The gated configuration file

354

(1)

Option configuration statements

355

(1)

Network interface definitions

356

(1)

Other miscellaneous definitions

357

(1)

Protocol configuration for RIP

358

(2)

Some preliminary background on OSPF

360

(1)

Protocol configuration for OSPF

361

(2)

Protocol configuration for ICMP redirects

363

(1)

Static routes

363

(1)

Exported routes

364

(1)

A complete gated configuration example

364

(2)

Vendor specifics

366

(1)

Routing strategy selection criteria

367

(1)

Cisco routers

368

(3)

Recommended reading

371

(1)

Network Hardware

372

(20)

LAN, WAN, or MAN?

372

(1)

Ethernet: the common LAN

373

(7)

How Ethernet works

373

(2)

Ethernet topology

375

(1)

Unshielded twisted pair

375

(2)

Connecting and expanding Ethernets

377

(3)

FDDI: the disappointing and expensive LAN

380

(1)

ATM: the promised (but sorely defeated) LAN

381

(1)

Frame relay: the sacrificial WAN

382

(1)

ISDN: the indigenous WAN

383

(1)

DSL: the people's WAN

383

(1)

Where is the network going?

384

(1)

Network testing and debugging

385

(1)

Building wiring

386

(1)

UTP cabling options

386

(1)

Connections to offices

386

(1)

Wiring standards

386

(1)

Network design issues

387

(2)

Network architecture vs. building architecture

388

(1)

Existing networks

388

(1)

Expansion

388

(1)

Congestion

389

(1)

Maintenance and documentation

389

(1)

Management issues

389

(1)

Recommended vendors

390

(1)

Cables and connectors

390

(1)

Test equipment

391

(1)

Routers/switches

391

(1)

Recommended reading

391

(1)

The Domain Name System

392

(96)

DNS for the impatient: adding a new machine

392

(2)

The history of DNS

394

(1)

Who needs DNS?

395

(1)

What's new in DNS

396

(1)

The DNS namespace

397

(5)

Masters of their domains

399

(1)

Selecting a domain name

400

(1)

Domain bloat

401

(1)

Registering a second-level domain name

401

(1)

Creating your own subdomains

401

(1)

The BIND software

402

(5)

Versions of BIND

402

(1)

Finding out what version you have

403

(1)

Components of BIND

404

(1)

named: the BIND name server

404

(1)

Authoritative and caching-only servers

404

(2)

Recursive and nonrecursive servers

406

(1)

The resolver library

407

(1)

Shell interfaces to DNS

407

(1)

How DNS works

407

(3)

Delegation

407

(2)

Caching and efficiency

409

(1)

The extended DNS protocol

410

(1)

BIND client issues

410

(4)

Resolver configuration

411

(2)

Resolver testing

413

(1)

Impact on the rest of the system

414

(1)

BIND server configuration

414

(15)

Hardware requirements

414

(1)

named startup

415

(1)

Configuration files

415

(2)

The include statement

417

(1)

The options statement

417

(5)

The acl statement

422

(1)

The server statement

422

(1)

The logging statement

423

(1)

The zone statement

424

(3)

The key statement

427

(1)

The trusted-keys statement

427

(1)

The controls statement

427

(1)

The view statement

428

(1)

BIND configuration examples

429

(7)

A home Linux box

429

(2)

A university department

431

(3)

A web hosting company

434

(2)

The DNS database

436

(21)

Resource records

436

(2)

The SOA record

438

(2)

NS records

440

(1)

A records

441

(1)

PTR records

442

(1)

MX records

443

(2)

CNAME records

445

(1)

The CNAME hack

445

(2)

LOC records

447

(1)

SRV records

448

(1)

TXT records

449

(1)

IPv6 resource records

450

(1)

A6 records

450

(1)

DNAME records

451

(2)

Commands in zone files

453

(2)

The localhost zone

455

(1)

Glue records: links between zones

455

(2)

Updating zone files

457

(3)

Zone transfers

458

(1)

Dynamic updates

459

(1)

Security issues

460

(9)

Access control lists revisited

460

(2)

Confining named

462

(1)

Secure server-to-server communication with TSIG and TKEY

462

(2)

DNSSEC

464

(4)

Microsoft bad, UNIX good

468

(1)

Testing and debugging

469

(10)

Logging

469

(4)

Debug levels

473

(1)

Debugging with ndc

473

(2)

Debugging with nslookup, dig, and host

475

(3)

Lame delegations

478

(1)

Loose ends

479

(2)

The hints file

479

(1)

Localhost configuration

480

(1)

Host management tools

481

(1)

DNS for systems not on the Internet

481

(1)

Vendor specifics

481

(4)

Specific for Solaris

481

(1)

Specifics for HP-UX

482

(2)

Specifics for Red Hat Linux

484

(1)

Specifics for FreeBSD

484

(1)

Recommended reading

485

(3)

Mailing lists and newsgroups

486

(1)

Books and other documentation

486

(1)

On-line resources

486

(1)

The RFCs

486

(2)

The Network File System

488

(25)

General information about NFS

488

(5)

NFS protocol versions

488

(1)

Choice of transport

489

(1)

WebNFS

489

(1)

File locking

490

(1)

Disk quotas

490

(1)

Global UIDs and GIDs

490

(1)

Root access and the nobody account

491

(1)

Cookies and stateless mounting

491

(1)

Naming conventions for shared filesystems

492

(1)

Security and NFS

492

(1)

Server-side NFS

493

(7)

The share command and dfstab file (Solaris)

494

(1)

The exportfs command and the exports file (HP-UX, Red Hat, FreeBSD)

495

(4)

nfsd: serve files

499

(1)

Client-side NFS

500

(3)

biod and nfsiod: provide client-side caching

501

(1)

Mounting remote filesystems

501

(1)

Secure port restrictions

502

(1)

nfsstat: dump NFS statistics

503

(1)

Dedicated NFS file servers

503

(1)

Automatic mounting

504

(1)

automount: the original automounter

505

(4)

Indirect maps

506

(1)

Direct maps

506

(1)

Master maps

507

(1)

Executable maps

507

(1)

Replicated filesystems using automount

508

(1)

Automatic automounts

508

(1)

Specifics for Red Hat Linux

509

(1)

amd: a more sophisticated automounter

509

(3)

amd maps

510

(1)

Starting amd

511

(1)

Stopping amd

512

(1)

Recommended reading

512

(1)

Sharing System Files

513

(22)

What to share

514

(1)

Copying files around

515

(6)

rdist: push files

515

(3)

rsync: push files more securely

518

(1)

expect: pull files

519

(2)

NIS: the Network Information Service

521

(9)

Netgroups

522

(1)

Prioritizing sources of administrative information

523

(1)

Advantages and disadvantages of NIS

524

(1)

How NIS works

525

(2)

Setting up an NIS domain

527

(2)

Vendor specifics

529

(1)

NIS+: son of NIS

530

(2)

LDAP: the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

532

(3)

LDAP documentation and specifications

533

(1)

Hands-on LDAP

534

(1)

Electronic Mail

535

(90)

Mail systems

537

(4)

User agents

538

(1)

Transport agents

539

(1)

Delivery agents

540

(1)

Message stores

540

(1)

Access agents

540

(1)

Mail submission agents

540

(1)

The anatomy of a mail message

541

(5)

Mail addressing

542

(1)

Reading mail headers

543

(3)

Mail philosophy

546

(4)

Using mail servers

547

(2)

Using mail homes

549

(1)

Using IMAP or POP

549

(1)

Mail aliases

550

(12)

Getting mailing lists from files

552

(1)

Mailing to files

553

(1)

Mailing to programs

553

(1)

Examples of aliases

553

(2)

Mail forwarding

555

(2)

The hashed alias database

557

(1)

Mailing lists and list wrangling software

557

(3)

LDAP: the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

560

(2)

sendmail: ringmaster of the electronic mail circus

562

(8)

The history of sendmail

563

(1)

Vendor-supplied versions of sendmail

564

(1)

sendmail installation

565

(1)

The switch file

566

(1)

Modes of operation

566

(2)

The mail queue

568

(2)

sendmail configuration

570

(3)

Using the m4 preprocessor

570

(2)

The sendmail configuration pieces

572

(1)

Building a configuration file from a sample .mc file

572

(1)

Basic sendmail configuration primitives

573

(4)

The VERSIONID macro

574

(1)

The OSTYPE macro

574

(2)

The DOMAIN macro

576

(1)

The MAILER macro

576

(1)

Fancier sendmail configuration primitives

577

(11)

The FEATURE macro

577

(1)

The use_cw_file feature

578

(1)

The redirect feature

578

(1)

The always_add_domain feature

578

(1)

The nocanonify feature

579

(1)

Tables and databases

579

(1)

The mailertable feature

580

(1)

The genericstable feature

581

(1)

The virtusertable feature

581

(1)

The ladp_routing feature

582

(1)

Masquerading and the MASQUERADE_AS macro

583

(1)

The MAIL_HUB and SMART_HOST macros

584

(1)

Masquerading and routing

585

(1)

The nullclient feature

585

(1)

The local_lmtp and smrsh features

586

(1)

The local_procmail feature

587

(1)

The LOCAL_* macros

587

(1)

Configuration options

587

(1)

Configuration file examples

588

(7)

A computer science student's home machine

590

(1)

A small but sendmail-clueful company

591

(3)

Another master/client example

594

(1)

Spam-related features in sendmail

595

(12)

Relaying

597

(2)

The access database

599

(2)

Blacklisting users or sites

601

(1)

Header checking

602

(1)

Handling spam

603

(1)

Spam examples

604

(3)

Security and sendmail

607

(7)

Ownerships

608

(1)

Permissions

609

(1)

Safe mail to files and programs

610

(1)

Privacy options

610

(1)

Running a chrooted sendmail (for the truly paranoid)

611

(1)

Denial of service attacks

611

(1)

Forgeries

612

(1)

Message privacy

613

(1)

SASL: the Simple Authentication and Security Layer

614

(1)

sendmail statistics, testing, and debugging

614

(4)

Testing and debugging

615

(1)

Verbose delivery

615

(2)

Talking in SMTP

617

(1)

Logging

617

(1)

The Postfix mail system

618

(5)

Postfix architecture

618

(1)

Configuring Postfix

619

(2)

Spam control

621

(1)

Postfix examples

622

(1)

Recommended reading

623

(2)

Network Management and Debugging

625

(26)

Troubleshooting a network

626

(1)

ping: check to see if a host is alive

627

(2)

traceroute: trace IP packets

629

(2)

netstat: get tons o' network statistics

631

(5)

Monitoring the status of network connections

632

(1)

Inspecting interface configuration information

633

(1)

Examining the routing table

634

(1)

Viewing operational statistics for various network protocols

635

(1)

Packet sniffers

636

(3)

snoop: Solaris's packet sniffer

637

(1)

nettl: HP-UX's packet sniffer

638

(1)

tcpdump: king of sniffers

638

(1)

Network management protocols

639

(1)

SNMP: the Simple Network Management Protocol

640

(2)

SNMP organization

640

(1)

SNMP protocol operations

641

(1)

RMON: remote monitoring MIB

642

(1)

SNMP agents

642

(4)

SNMP on Solaris

643

(1)

SNMP on HP-UX

643

(2)

The UCD SNMP agent

645

(1)

Network management applications

646

(3)

The UCD SNMP tools

646

(1)

MRTG: the Multi-Router Traffic Grapher

647

(1)

NOCOL: Network Operation Center On-Line

648

(1)

Commercial management platforms

648

(1)

Recommended reading

649

(2)

Security

651

(33)

Seven common-sense rules of security

652

(1)

How security is compromised

653

(2)

Security problems in the/etc/passwd file

655

(3)

Password checking and selection

655

(1)

Shadow passwords

656

(1)

Group logins and shared logins

657

(1)

Password aging

657

(1)

User shells

657

(1)

Rootly entries

657

(1)

Setuid programs

658

(1)

Important file permissions

659

(1)

Miscellaneous security issues

660

(3)

Remote event logging

660

(1)

Secure terminals

660

(1)

/etc/hosts.equiv and ∼/.rhosts

660

(1)

rexd, rexecd, and tftpd

661

(1)

fingerd

661

(1)

Security and NIS

661

(1)

Security and NFS

662

(1)

Security and sendmail

662

(1)

Security and backups

662

(1)

Trojan horses

662

(1)

Security power tools

663

(6)

nmap: scan network ports

663

(2)

SAINT: check networked systems for vulnerabilities

665

(1)

Nessus: next generation network scanner

665

(1)

crack: find insecure passwords

666

(1)

tcpd: protect Internet services

666

(1)

COPS: audit system security

667

(1)

tripwire: monitor changes to system files

668

(1)

Forensic tools

669

(1)

Cryptographic security tools

669

(6)

Kerberos: a unified approach to network security

670

(1)

PGP: Pretty Good Privacy

671

(1)

SSH: the secure shell

672

(2)

SRP: Secure Remote Password

674

(1)

OPIE: One-time Passwords in Everything

674

(1)

Firewalls

675

(3)

Packet-filtering firewalls

675

(1)

How services are filtered

675

(1)

Service proxy firewalls

676

(1)

Stateful inspection firewalls

677

(1)

Firewalls: how safe are they?

677

(1)

Sources of security information

678

(2)

CERT: a registered service mark of Carnegie Mellon University

678

(1)

SecurityFocus.com and the BugTraq mailing list

678

(1)

SANS: the System Administration, Networking, and Security Institute

679

(1)

Vendor-specific security resources

679

(1)

Other mailing lists and web sites

680

(1)

What to do when your site has been attacked

680

(2)

Recommended reading

682

(2)

Web Hosting and Internet Services

684

(19)

Web hosting

684

(1)

Web hosting basics

685

(3)

Uniform resource locators

686

(1)

How HTTP works

687

(1)

GGI scripting: generating content on the fly

687

(1)

Load balancing

688

(1)

HTTP server installation

688

(3)

Choosing a server

688

(1)

Compiling and installing Apache

689

(1)

Configuring Apache

690

(1)

Running Apache

690

(1)

Virtual interfaces

691

(3)

Configuring virtual interfaces

692

(2)

Telling Apache about a virtual interface

694

(1)

Caching and proxy servers

694

(2)

Setting up Squid

695

(1)

Anonymous FTP server setup

696

(2)

Unsnet news

698

(5)

Usenet news feeds

698

(1)

Usenet software

699

(1)

Whither Usenet news?

700

(3)

BUNCH O'STUFF

Printing

703

(41)

Mini-glossary of printing terms

704

(1)

Types of printers

705

(2)

Serial and parallel printers

705

(1)

Network printers

706

(1)

Life without PostScript

706

(1)

BSD printing

707

(12)

An overview of the printing process

707

(1)

Controlling the printing environment

708

(1)

lpd: the BSD print spooler

709

(1)

lpr: submit print jobs

709

(1)

lpq: view the printing queue

709

(1)

lprm: remove print jobs

710

(1)

lpc: make administrative changes

710

(2)

The/etc/printcap file

712

(1)

printcap variables

713

(4)

printcap variables for serial devices

717

(1)

printcap extensions

718

(1)

Printing to something besides a printer

719

(1)

System V printing

719

(9)

Overview

719

(1)

Destinations and classes

719

(1)

A brief description of Ip

720

(1)

lpsched and lpshut: start and stop printing

721

(1)

lpadmin: configure the printing environment

722

(2)

lpstat: get status information

724

(1)

cancel: remove print jobs

725

(1)

accept and reject: control spooling

725

(1)

enable and disable: control printing

726

(1)

lpmove: transfer jobs

726

(1)

Interface programs

726

(1)

What to do when the lp system is completely hosed

727

(1)

Adding a printer

728

(7)

Adding printers to Solaris

729

(2)

Adding printers to HP-UX

731

(1)

Adding printers to Red Hat Linux

732

(2)

Adding printers to FreeBSD

734

(1)

LPRng

735

(4)

The LPRng commands

735

(1)

Obtaining and installing LPRng

736

(1)

/etc/lpd.conf: configure lpd

737

(1)

/etc/lpd.perms: configure access control

737

(1)

Setting up the printcap file

738

(1)

Filters

738

(1)

Accounting

738

(1)

Debugging printing problems

739

(1)

Common printing software

740

(1)

rlpr

740

(1)

ghostscript

740

(1)

mpage

740

(1)

enscript

740

(1)

Printer philosophy

741

(3)

Use printer accounting

741

(1)

Use banner pages only when necessary

741

(1)

Provide recycling bins

741

(1)

Provide previewers

741

(1)

Buy cheap printers

742

(1)

Keep extra toner cartridges on hand

742

(1)

Secure your printer

742

(2)

Maintenance and Environment

744

(10)

Maintenance basics

744

(1)

Maintenance contracts

745

(1)

On-site maintenance

745

(1)

Board swap maintenance

746

(1)

Warranties

746

(1)

Board-handling lore

746

(1)

Static electricity

746

(1)

Reseating boards

747

(1)

Monitors

747

(1)

Memory modules

747

(1)

Preventive maintenance

748

(1)

Environment

749

(2)

Temperature

749

(1)

Humidity

749

(1)

Office cooling

749

(1)

Machine room cooling

749

(2)

Temperature monitoring

751

(1)

Power

751

(1)

Remote power control

752

(1)

Racks

752

(1)

Tools

753

(1)

Performance Analysis

754

(15)

What you can do to improve performance

755

(1)

Factors that affect performance

756

(1)

System performance checkup

757

(9)

Analyzing CPU usage

757

(3)

How UNIX managers memory

760

(1)

Analyzing memory usage

761

(2)

Analyzing disk I/O

763

(2)

Virtual Adrian

765

(1)

procifo: display Red Hat performance data

765

(1)

pstat: print random FreeBSD statistics

766

(1)

Help! My system just got really slow!

766

(2)

Recommended reading

768

(1)

Cooperating with Windows

769

(9)

File and print sharing

769

(4)

NFS: the Network File System

770

(1)

CIFS: the Common Internet File System

770

(1)

Samba: CIFS for UNIX

770

(1)

Installing and configuring Samba

771

(2)

Debugging Samba

773

(1)

Secure terminal emulation with SSH

773

(1)

X Windows emulators

774

(1)

PC mail clients

775

(1)

PC backups

775

(1)

Dual booting

776

(1)

Running Windows applications under UNIX

776

(1)

PC hardware tips

776

(2)

Policy and Politics

778

(43)

Policy and procedure

779

(8)

Security policies

781

(1)

User policy agreements

782

(2)

Sysadmin policy agreements

784

(1)

Policy and procedures for emergency situations

784

(1)

Disaster planning

785

(2)

Miscellaneous tidbits

787

(1)

Legal issues

787

(6)

Liability

788

(1)

Encryption

788

(1)

788

(1)

Privacy

789

(1)

Policy enforcement

790

(2)

Software licenses

792

(1)

Spam: unsolicited commercial email

792

(1)

Sysadmin surveys

793

(2)

SAGE salary survey

793

(1)

SANS salary survey

794

(1)

Scope of service

795

(1)

Trouble-reporting systems

796

(1)

Managing management

797

(1)

Hiring, firing, and training

797

(3)

Attitude adjustment

799

(1)

Operator wars

799

(1)

Iterative refinement

799

(1)

War stories and ethics

800

(5)

Boss's mistake #1

800

(1)

Boss's mistake #2

801

(1)

Dan, your new name is Lester

801

(1)

Which ones to fire

802

(1)

Horndog Joe

802

(1)

Wedding invitations

803

(1)

Pornographic GIF images

803

(1)

Migrating data

803

(1)

Bill must die!

804

(1)

Localization and upgrades

805

(4)

Managing software across systems

805

(1)

Upgrades

806

(2)

Useful third-party software

808

(1)

Local documentation

809

(2)

Procurement

811

(1)

Decommissioning hardware

812

(1)

Software patients

813

(1)

Organizations, conferences, and other resources

814

(3)

SAGE: the System Administrators' Guild

815

(1)

Mailing lists and web resources

816

(1)

Printed resources

817

(1)

Standards

817

(2)

Sample documents

819

(1)

Recommended reading

820

(1)

Daemons

821

(15)

init: the primordial process

822

(1)

cron: schedule commands

823

(1)

inetd: manage daemons

823

(4)

Configuring inetd

824

(1)

The services file

825

(1)

Restarting inetd

826

(1)

Securing inetd

826

(1)

portmap/rpcbind: map RPC services to TCP and UDP ports

826

(1)

System daemons

827

(1)

The paging daemon

827

(1)

The swapping daemon

827

(1)

The filesystem synchronization daemon

828

(1)

Printing daemons

828

(1)

lpd: manage BSD-style printing

828

(1)

lpsched: manage ATT printing

828

(1)

rlpademon: print from BSD to HP-UX

828

(1)

NFS daemons

828

(1)

nfsd: serve files

828

(1)

mountd: respond to mount requests

829

(1)

amd and automount: mount filesystems on demand

829

(1)

lockd and statd: manage NFS locks

829

(1)

biod: cache NFS blocks

829

(1)

NIS daemons

829

(1)

ypbind: locate NIS servers

829

(1)

ypserv: NIS server

830

(1)

ypxfrd: transfer NIS databases

830

(1)

rpc.nisd: NIS+ server

830

(1)

Internet daemons

830

(3)

talkd: network chat service

830

(1)

comsat: notify users of new mail

830

(1)

sendmail: transport electronic mail

830

(1)

snmpd: provide remote network management service

831

(1)

rwhod: maintain remote user list

831

(1)

ftpd: the transfer server

831

(1)

popper: basic mailbox server

831

(1)

imapd: deluxe mailbox server

831

(1)

rlogind: remote login server

831

(1)

telnetd: yet another remote login server

832

(1)

sshd: secure remote login server

832

(1)

rshd: remote command execution server

832

(1)

rexecd: yet another command execution server

832

(1)

rpc.rexd: yet a third command execution server

832

(1)

routed: maintain routing tables

832

(1)

gated: maintain complicated routing tables

832

(1)

named: DNS server

833

(1)

syslogd: process log messages

833

(1)

fingerd: look up users

833

(1)

httpd: World Wide Web server

833

(1)

Time synchronization daemons

833

(1)

timed: synchronize clocks

834

(1)

xntpd: synchronize clocks even better

834

(1)

Booting and configuration daemons

834

(2)

bootpd: boot server

835

(1)

tftpd: trivial file transfer server

835

(1)

rarpd: map Ethernet addresses to IP addresses

835

(1)

bootparamd: advanced diskless life support

835

(1)

dchpd: dynsmic address assignment

835

(1)

Colophon

836

(1)

Index

837

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UNIX System Administration Handbook

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials