Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

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ISBN: 9780471447313 | 0471447315
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/20/2004

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Unsaturated Soil Mechanics is the first book to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. * Offers extensive sample problems with an accompanying solutions manual. * Brings together the rapid advances in research in unsaturated soil mechanics in one focused volume. * Covers advances in effective stress and suction and hydraulic conductivity measurement.

FOREWORD

xvii

PREFACE

xix

SYMBOLS

xxi

INTRODUCTION

(44)

1 STATE OF UNSATURATED SOIL

(42)

1.1 Unsaturated Soil Phenomena

(5)

1.1.1 Definition of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

(1)

1.1.2 Interdisciplinary Nature of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

(2)

1.1.3 Classification of Unsaturated Soil Phenomena

(2)

1.2 Scope and Organization of Book

(4)

1.2.1 Chapter Structure

(3)

1.2.2 Geomechanics and Geo-environmental Tracks

(1)

1.3 Unsaturated Soil in Nature and Practice

(8)

1.3.1 Unsaturated Soil in Hydrologic Cycle

(1)

1.3.2 Global Extent of Climatic Factors

(1)

1.3.3 Unsaturated Zone and Soil Formation

(5)

1.3.4 Unsaturated Soil in Engineering Practice

(2)

1.4 Moisture, Pore Pressure, and Stress Profiles

(6)

1.4.1 Stress in the Unsaturated State

(1)

1.4.2 Saturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration

(1)

1.4.3 Unsaturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration

(1)

1.4.4 Illustrative Stress Analysis

(3)

1.5 State Variables, Material Variables, and Constitutive Laws

(8)

1.5.1 Phenomena Prediction

(2)

1.5.2 Head as a State Variable

(2)

1.5.3 Effective Stress as a State Variable

(3)

1.5.4 Net Normal Stresses as State Variables

(1)

1.6 Suction and Potential of Soil Water

(13)

1.6.1 Total Soil Suction

(1)

1.6.2 Pore Water Potential

(3)

1.6.3 Units of Soil Suction

(1)

1.6.4 Suction Regimes and the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve

(4)

Problems

(2)

I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

(126)

2 MATERIAL VARIABLES

(42)

2.1 Physical Properties of Air and Water

(10)

2.1.1 Unsaturated Soil as a Multiphase System

(1)

2.1.2 Density of Dry Air

(2)

2.1.3 Density of Water

(3)

2.1.4 Viscosity of Air and Water

(2)

2.1.5 Flow Regimes

(2)

2.2 Partial Pressure and Relative Humidity

(8)

2.2.1 Relative Humidity in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

(1)

2.2.2 Composition and Partial Pressure of Air

(2)

2.2.3 Equilibrium between Free Water and Air

(3)

2.2.4 Equilibrium between Pore Water and Air

(1)

2.2.5 Relative Humidity

(1)

2.2.6 Dew Point

(1)

2.3 Density of Moist Air

(8)

2.3.1 Effect of Water Vapor on Density of Air

(1)

2.3.2 Formulation for Moist Air Density

(7)

2.4 Surface Tension

(7)

2.4.1 Origin of Surface Tension

(3)

2.4.2 Pressure Drop across an Air-Water Interface

(4)

2.5 Cavitation of Water

(9)

2.5.1 Cavitation and Boiling

(2)

2.5.2 Hydrostatic Atmospheric Pressure

(2)

2.5.3 Cavitation Pressure

(2)

Problems

(3)

3 INTERFACIAL EQUILIBRIUM

(39)

3.1 Solubility of Air in Water

(7)

3.1.1 Henry's Law

(2)

3.1.2 Temperature Dependence

(1)

3.1.3 Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility

(1)

3.1.4 Henry's Law Constant and Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility

(1)

3.1.5 Vapor Component Correction

(1)

3.1.6 Mass Coefficient of Solubility

(1)

3.2 Air-Water-Solid Interface

(8)

3.2.1 Equilibrium between Two Water Drops

(1)

3.2.2 Equilibrium at an Air-Water-Solid Interface

(2)

3.2.3 Contact Angle

(2)

3.2.4 Air-Water-Solid Interface in Unsaturated Soil

101

(3)

3.3 Vapor Pressure Lowering

104

(10)

3.3.1 Implications of Kelvin's Equation

104

(2)

3.3.2 Derivation of Kelvin's Equation

106

(5)

3.3.3 Capillary Condensation

111

(3)

3.4 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve

114

(14)

3.4.1 Soil Suction and Soil Water

114

(1)

3.4.2 Capillary Tube Model

115

(3)

3.4.3 Contacting Sphere Model

118

(6)

3.4.4 Concluding Remarks

124

(1)

Problems

124

(4)

4 CAPILLARITY

128

(43)

4.1 Young-Laplace Equation

128

(5)

4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Meniscus

128

(3)

4.1.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a Capillary Tube

131

(2)

4.2 Height of Capillary Rise

133

(7)

4.2.1 Capillary Rise in a Tube

133

(3)

4.2.2 Capillary Finger Model

136

(1)

4.2.3 Capillary Rise in Idealized Soil

137

(2)

4.2.4 Capillary Rise in Soil

139

(1)

4.3 Rate of Capillary Rise

140

(7)

4.3.1 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation

140

(2)

4.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation

142

(3)

4.3.3 Experimental Verification

145

(2)

4.4 Capillary Pore Size Distribution

147

(13)

4.4.1 Theoretical Basis

147

(3)

4.4.2 Pore Geometry

150

(3)

4.4.3 Computational Procedures

153

(7)

4.5 Suction Stress

160

(13)

4.5.1 Forces between Two Spherical Particles

160

(2)

4.5.2 Pressure in the Water Lens

162

(1)

4.5.3 Effective Stress due to Capillarity

163

(2)

4.5.4 Effective Stress Parameter and Water Content

165

(3)

Problems

168

(3)

II STRESS PHENOMENA

171

(152)

5 STATE OF STRESS

173

(47)

5.1 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soil

173

(9)

5.1.1 Macromechanical Conceptualization

173

(1)

5.1.2 Micromechanical Conceptualization

174

(1)

5.1.3 Stress between Two Spherical Particles with Nonzero Contact Angle

175

(6)

5.1.4 Pore Pressure Regimes

181

(1)

5.2 Hysteresis

182

(9)

5.2.1 Hysteresis Mechanisms

182

(2)

5.2.2 Ink-Bottle Hysteresis

184

(2)

5.2.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis

186

(1)

5.2.4 Hysteresis in the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve

187

(1)

5.2.5 Hysteresis in the Effective Stress Parameter

187

(4)

5.2.6 Hysteresis in the Suction Stress Characteristic Curve

191

(1)

5.3 Stress Tensor Representation

191

(10)

5.3.1 Net Normal Stress, Matric Suction, and Suction Stress Tensors

191

(4)

5.3.2 Stress Tensors in Unsaturated Soil: Conceptual Illustration

195

(6)

5.4 Stress Control by Axis Translation

201

(6)

5.4.1 Rationale for Axis Translation

201

(1)

5.4.2 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE System

202

(1)

5.4.3 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE-Soil System

203

(1)

5.4.4 Characteristic Curve for HAE Material

204

(1)

5.4.5 Controlled Stress Variable Testing

204

(3)

5.5 Graphical Representation of Stress

207

(13)

5.5.1 Net Normal Stress and Matric Suction Representation

207

(6)

5.5.2 Effective Stress Representation

213

(5)

Problems

218

(2)

6 SHEAR STRENGTH

220

(47)

6.1 Extended Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) Criterion

220

(13)

6.1.1 M-C for Saturated Soil

220

(1)

6.1.2 Experimental Observations of Unsaturated Shear Strength

221

(8)

6.1.3 Extended M-C Criterion

229

(3)

6.1.4 Extended M-C Criterion in Terms of Principal Stresses

232

(1)

6.2 Shear Strength Parameters for the Extended M-C Criterion

233

(5)

6.2.1 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results

233

(3)

6.2.2 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results

236

(2)

6.3 Effective Stress and the M-C Criterion

238

(10)

6.3.1 Nonlinearity in the Extended M-C Envelope

238

(3)

6.3.2 Effective Stress Approach

241

(1)

6.3.3 Measurements of x at Failure

242

(2)

6.3.4 Reconciliation between φb and xf

244

(3)

6.3.5 Validity of Effective Stress as a State Variable for Strength

247

(1)

6.4 Shear Strength Parameters for the M-C Criterion

248

(4)

6.4.1 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results

248

(2)

6.4.2 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results

250

(2)

6.5 Unified Representation of Failure Envelope

252

(15)

6.5.1 Capillary Cohesion as a Characteristic Function for Unsaturated Soil

252

(4)

6.5.2 Determining the Magnitude of Capillary Cohesion

256

(9)

6.5.3 Concluding Remarks 261 Problems

265

(2)

7 SUCTION AND EARTH PRESSURE PROFILES

267

(56)

7.1 Steady Suction and Water Content Profiles

267

(13)

7.1.1 Suction Regimes in Unsaturated Soil

267

(3)

7.1.2 Analytical Solutions for Profiles of Matric Suction

270

(2)

7.1.3 Hydrologic Parameters for Representative Soil Types

272

(1)

7.1.4 Profiles of Matric Suction for Representative Soil Types

273

(2)

7.1.5 Profiles of Water Content for Representative Soil Types

275

(5)

7.2 Steady Effective Stress Parameter and Stress Profiles

280

(14)

7.2.1 Profiles of the Effective Stress Parameter x

280

(2)

7.2.2 Profiles of Suction Stress and Their Solution Regimes

282

(7)

7.2.3 Profiles of Suction Stress for Representative Soil Types

289

(3)

7.2.4 Concluding Remarks

292

(2)

7.3 Earth Pressure at Rest

294

(7)

7.3.1 Extended Hooke's Law

294

(2)

7.3.2 Profiles of Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest

296

(1)

7.3.3 Depth of Cracking

297

(4)

7.4 Active Earth Pressure

301

(11)

7.4.1 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria for Unsaturated Soil

301

(1)

7.4.2 Rankine's Active State of Failure

302

(4)

7.4.3 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress

306

(2)

7.4.4 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress

308

(2)

7.4.5 Active Earth Pressure Profiles with Tension Cracks

310

(2)

7.5 Passive Earth Pressure

312

(13)

7.5.1 Rankine's Passive State of Failure

312

(3)

7.5.2 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress

315

(3)

7.5.3 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress

318

(2)

7.5.4 Concluding Remarks

320

(2)

Problems

322

(1)

III FLOW PHENOMENA

323

(92)

8 STEADY FLOWS

325

(44)

8.1 Driving Mechanisms for Water and Airflow

325

(4)

8.1.1 Potential for Water Flow

325

(1)

8.1.2 Mechanisms for Airflow

326

(1)

8.1.3 Regimes for Pore Water Flow and Pore Airflow

326

(2)

8.1.4 Steady-State Flow Law for Water

328

(1)

8.2 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity

329

(4)

8.2.1 Permeability versus Conductivity

329

(2)

8.2.2 Magnitude, Variability, and Scaling Effects

331

(2)

8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Function

333

(8)

8.3.1 Conceptual Model for the Hydraulic Conductivity Function

333

(3)

8.3.2 Hysteresis in the Hydraulic Conductivity Function

336

(1)

8.3.3 Relative Conductivity

336

(2)

8.3.4 Effects of Soil Type

338

(3)

8.4 Capillary Barriers

341

(8)

8.4.1 Natural and Engineered Capillary Barriers

341

(1)

8.4.2 Flat Capillary Barriers

342

(3)

8.4.3 Dipping Capillary Barriers

345

(4)

8.5 Steady Infiltration and Evaporation

349

(10)

8.5.1 Horizontal Infiltration

349

(3)

8.5.2 Vertical Infiltration and Evaporation

352

(7)

8.6 Steady Vapor Flow

359

(4)

8.6.1 Fick's Law for Vapor Flow

359

(1)

8.6.2 Temperature and Vapor Pressure Variation

359

(2)

8.6.3 Vapor Density Gradient

361

(2)

8.7 Steady Air Diffusion in Water

363

(6)

8.7.1 Theoretical Basis

363

(3)

8.7.2 Air Diffusion in an Axis Translation System

366

(1)

Problems

367

(2)

9 TRANSIENT FLOWS

369

(46)

9.1 Principles for Pore Liquid Flow

369

(7)

9.1.1 Principle of Mass Conservation

369

(2)

9.1.2 Transient Saturated Flow

371

(1)

9.1.3 Transient Unsaturated Flow

372

(4)

9.2 Rate of Infiltration

376

(10)

9.2.1 Transient Horizontal Infiltration

376

(4)

9.2.2 Transient Vertical Infiltration

380

(4)

9.2.3 Transient Moisture Profile for Vertical Infiltration

384

(2)

9.3 Transient Suction and Moisture Profiles

386

(10)

9.3.1 Importance of Transient Soil Suction and Moisture

386

(1)

9.3.2 Analytical Solution of Transient Unsaturated Flow

386

(3)

9.3.3 Numerical Modeling of Transient Unsaturated Flow

389

(7)

9.4 Principles for Pore Gas Flow

396

(6)

9.4.1 Principle of Mass Conservation for Compressible Gas

396

(1)

9.4.2 Governing Equation for Pore Airflow

397

(1)

9.4.3 Linearization of the Airflow Equation

398

(2)

9.4.4 Sinusoidal Barometric Pressure Fluctuation

400

(2)

9.5 Barometric Pumping Analysis

402

(15)

9.5.1 Barometric Pumping

402

(1)

9.5.2 Theoretical Framework

403

(1)

9.5.3 Time Series Analysis

404

(3)

9.5.4 Determining Air Permeability

407

(5)

Problems

412

(3)

IV MATERIAL VARIABLE MEASUREMENT AND MODELING

415

(116)

10 SUCTION MEASUREMENT

417

(45)

10.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques

417

(3)

10.2 Tensiometers

420

(4)

10.2.1 Properties of High-Air-Entry Materials

420

(1)

10.2.2 Tensiometer Measurement Principles

421

(3)

10.3 Axis Translation Techniques

424

(5)

10.3.1 Null Tests and Pore Water Extraction Tests

424

(1)

10.3.2 Pressure Plates

425

(2)

10.3.3 Tempe Pressure Cells

427

(2)

10.4 ElectricalThermal Conductivity Sensors

429

(2)

10.5 Humidity Measurement Techniques

431

(12)

10.5.1 Total Suction and Relative Humidity

431

(1)

10.5.2 Thermocouple Psychrometers

432

(6)

10.5.3 Chilled-Mirror Hygrometers

438

(3)

10.5.4 Polymer ResistanceCapacitance Sensors

441

(2)

10.6 Humidity Control Techniques

443

(6)

10.6.1 Isopiestic Humidity Control

444

(1)

10.6.2 Two-Pressure Humidity Control

445

(4)

10.7 Filter Paper Techniques

449

(13)

10.7.1 Filter Paper Measurement Principles

449

(2)

10.7.2 Calibration and Testing Procedures

451

(1)

10.7.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Performance

452

(7)

Problems

459

(3)

11 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

462

(32)

11.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques

462

(1)

11.2 Steady-State Measurement Techniques

463

(13)

11.2.1 Constant-Head Method

463

(3)

11.2.2 Constant-Flow Method

466

(6)

11.2.3 Centrifuge Method

472

(4)

11.3 Transient Measurement Techniques

476

(18)

11.3.1 Hydraulic Diffusivity

476

(1)

11.3.2 Horizontal Infiltration Method

477

(3)

11.3.3 Outflow Methods

480

(4)

11.3.4 Instantaneous Profile Methods

484

(9)

Problems

493

(1)

12 SUCTION AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MODELS

494

(37)

12.1 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Models

494

(12)

12.1.1 SWCC Modeling Parameters

495

(2)

12.1.2 Brooks and Corey (BC) Model

497

(2)

12.1.3 van Genuchten (VG) Model

499

(6)

12.1.4 Fredlund and Xing (FX) Model

505

(1)

12.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Models

506

(25)

12.2.1 Empirical and Macroscopic Models

509

(7)

12.2.2 Statistical Models

516

(11)

Problems

527

(4)

REFERENCES

531

(16)

INDEX

547

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Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials