Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics

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ISBN: 9780120392421 | 0120392429
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/1998

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This volume of Advances in Veterinary Medicine, derived in part from the First Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Conferences, deals with vaccines, an especially active area of veterinary research and controversy.

Contributors

xxv

Preface

xxxv

I VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS Historic and Contemporary Perspectives

Vaccination: A Philosophical View

Marian C. Horzinek

Introduction

(1)

Will There Be Vaccination in the Next Millenium?

(2)

What Is the Future of Veterinary Vaccinology?

(1)

Vaccination in the Twenty-First Century

(1)

Outlook

(1)

Grease, Anthraxgate, and Kennel Cough: A Revisionist History of Early Veterinary Vaccines

Ian Tizard

Introduction

(2)

The Origin of Vaccinia

(2)

Anthraxgate: A Minor Nineteenth-Century Scandal

(6)

Early Canine Distemper Vaccines

(5)

Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician

James F. Evermann

Inge S. Eriks

Introduction

(1)

Differentiating Infection Detection from Disease Diagnosis

(5)

How Early Do We Want to Detect Infection?

(1)

What Are the Consequences of the Results?

(2)

Where Are We Heading with Veterinary Diagnostics?

(5)

References

(3)

II CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINOLOGY

Genetic Effects on Vaccination

Bruce N. Wilkie

Bonnie A. Mallard

Introduction

(1)

Genetic Effects on Health and Vaccination

(1)

Strategies for Genetic Enhancement of Health

(3)

High Immune Response Phenotype

(4)

Discussion and Summary

(5)

References

(3)

Nutritional Effects on Vaccination

Mark E. Cook

Vaccination Cost to Performance

(1)

Biochemical Mechanisms in Immune-Induced Wasting

(1)

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

(1)

Cholecystokinin and Immune-Induced Anorexia

(1)

Summary

(4)

References

(4)

Effects of Stress on Leukocyte Trafficking and Immune Responses: Implications for Vaccination

M. E. Kehrli

J. L. Burton

B. J. Nonnecke

E. K. Lee

Introduction

(4)

Leukocyte Trafficking

(5)

Effects of Stress on Immunity

(4)

Summary

(9)

References

(9)

Role of Macrophage Cytokines in Mucosal Adjuvanticity

Dennis L. Foss

Michael P. Murtaugh

Introduction

(1)

Mucosal Adjuvanticity of Cholera Toxin

(8)

Mechanisms of Mucosal Adjuvanticity

(6)

Summary

(7)

References

(6)

Cholera Toxin B Subunit as an Immunomodulator for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery

Michael W. Russell

Hong-Yin Wu

George Hajishengallis

Susan K. Hollingshead

Suzanne M. Michalek

Introduction

105

(1)

Responses to Mucosal Immunization with SBR-CTA2/B

106

(2)

Responses to Mucosal Immunization with Salmonella Expressing SBR-CTA2/B

108

(2)

Discussion and Summary

110

(5)

References

112

(3)

Deceptive Imprinting: Insights into Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Vaccine Development

Peter L. Nara

Introduction and Background

115

(2)

Deceptive Imprinting

117

(12)

Refocusing the Immune Response by Masking Epitopes Responsible for Deceptive Imprinting: Novel Approach to Vaccination

129

(6)

References

130

(5)

Vaccination against Tuberculosis: Recent Progress

Ian M. Orme

Introduction

135

(1)

Acquired Immunity and Memory Immunity to Tuberculosis Infection

136

(2)

Types of Vaccines

138

(3)

Can We Increase Herd Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis?

141

(4)

References

141

(4)

Viral Vectors for Veterinary Vaccines

Michael Sheppard

Introduction and Background

145

(2)

Viral Vector Construction

147

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery

148

(1)

Construction of Safer Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery

149

(2)

Examples of Reported Viral Veterinary Vaccine Vectors

151

(1)

Commercially Available Viral Vaccine Vectors for Veterinary Use

151

(2)

Summary

153

(10)

References

155

(8)

DNA Immunization: Present and Future

L. A. Babiuk

J. Lewis

S. van den Hurk

R. Braun

Introduction

163

(1)

Universality of DNA Immunization

164

(2)

Induction of Immunity

166

(2)

Role of Different Antibodies in Clearing Viruses

168

(1)

Vaccine Delivery

169

(2)

DNA Immunization in the Face of Passive Antibody

171

(1)

Regulatory

172

(2)

Epilogue

174

(7)

References

176

(5)

Contribution of Advances in Immunology to Vaccine Development

W. I. Morrison

G. Taylor

R. M. Gaddum

S. A. Ellis

Introduction

181

(1)

Advances in Immunology Relevant to Vaccine Development

182

(5)

Mechanisms of Immune Protection against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

187

(5)

Summary

192

(5)

References

192

(5)

III BOVINE VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS

Bovine Viral Vaccines, Diagnostics, and Eradication: Past, Present, and Future

Jan T. van Oirschot

Introduction

197

(1)

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

198

(3)

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

201

(6)

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

207

(3)

Posteradication Period

210

(7)

References

211

(6)

Immunization and Diagnosis in Bovine Reproductive Tract Infections

Lynette B. Corbeil

Introduction and Background

217

(1)

Brucella abortus Infection

218

(1)

Haemophilus somnus Infection

219

(2)

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis Infection

221

(3)

Tritrichomonas foetus Infection

224

(8)

Summary and Future Directions

232

(9)

References

233

(8)

Progress and Expectations for Helminth Vaccines

Els N. T. Meeusen

Jillian F. Maddox

Introduction

241

(1)

Vaccination Using Defined Parasite Antigens

242

(3)

Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses

245

(2)

Simulation Models for Host-Parasite Population Dynamics

247

(3)

Host-Immunity and Population Dynamics of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections

250

(1)

Development of a Simple Model for Vaccination against Haemonchus

251

(2)

Summary

253

(4)

References

254

(3)

Vaccines and Diagnostic Methods for Bovine Mastitis: Fact and Fiction

Robert J. Yancey, Jr.

Introduction

257

(1)

Vaccines for Contagious Pathogens

258

(5)

Vaccines for Environmental Mastitis Pathogens

263

(4)

Diagnostic Methods

267

(1)

Summary

268

(7)

References

269

(6)

T-Cell Responses and the Influence of Dendritic Cells in Cattle

C. J. Howard

R. A. Collins

P. Sopp

G. P. Brooke

L. S. Kwong

K. R. Parsons

V. Weynants

J.-J. Letesson

G. P. Bembridge

Introduction

275

(1)

Identification of the Major T-Cell Subpopulations in Cattle

276

(1)

Role of Different T-Cell Populations in Vivo

276

(2)

Identification of Subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T Cells That Differ in Function

278

(4)

Activation Requirements and Function of γδ T Cells

282

(2)

T-Cell Responses Induced by Dendritic Cells

284

(5)

References

285

(4)

IV CANINE AND FELINE VACCINES

Canine Viral Vaccines at a Turning Point---A Personal Perspective

L. E. Carmichael

General Remarks

289

(3)

Veterinary Vaccines

292

(1)

Comments on Selected Vaccines

293

(9)

Summary

302

(7)

References

305

(4)

Forty Years of Canine Vaccination

M. J. G. Appel

Introduction

309

(2)

Rabies Virus

311

(1)

Canine Distemper Virus

311

(1)

Canine Parvovirus

312

(1)

Canine Coronavirus

313

(1)

Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus)

314

(1)

Canine Adenovirus Type 2

314

(1)

Canine Parainfluenza Virus

315

(1)

Bordetella bronchiseptica

315

(1)

Borrelia burgdorferi

316

(1)

Leptospirosis

317

(1)

Summary

318

(7)

References

319

(6)

Analysis of the Protective Immunity Induced by Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccination

Margaret J. Hosie

Oswald Jarrett

Introduction and Background

325

(1)

Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccines

326

(2)

Subunit Vaccines

328

(1)

DNA Vaccination

329

(4)

References

331

(2)

Vaccination of Cats against Emerging and Reemerging Zoonotic Pathogens

Christopher W. Olsen

Introduction

333

(3)

Toxoplasma gondii

336

(2)

Bartonella henselae

338

(3)

Helicobacter pylori

341

(1)

Other Agents

341

(1)

Summary

342

(5)

References

343

(4)

Evaluation of Risks and Benefits Associated with Vaccination against Coronavirus Infections in Cats

Fred W. Scott

Historical Perspectives of FIP

347

(1)

Current Status of FIP

348

(1)

Causative Agent of FIP

348

(1)

Pathogenesis of Feline Coronavirus Infections

349

(1)

Immunology of Feline Coronavirus Infections

350

(1)

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

351

(1)

FIP Vaccine

351

(1)

Risks of FIP Vaccination

352

(1)

Benefits of FIP Vaccination

353

(6)

References

356

(3)

V EQUINE VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnosis and Prevention of Equine Infectious Diseases: Present Status, Potential, and Challenges for the Future

Philippe Desmettre

Introduction

359

(1)

Viral Diseases

360

(8)

Bacterial Diseases

368

(3)

Other Viral and Bacterial Diseases

371

(1)

Summary

372

(7)

References

373

(6)

The Equine Influenza Surveillance Program

J. A. Mumford

Introduction

379

(1)

1983: WHO Informal Workshop on Vaccination against Equine Influenza

380

(1)

1992: WHO/OIE Consultation on Newly Emerging Strains of Equine Influenza

381

(1)

1995: Consultation of OIE and WHO Experts on Progress in Surveillance of Equine Influenza and Application to Strain Selection

382

(1)

1996: Actions Taken by the OIE

383

(1)

Findings of the Expert Surveillance Panel

384

(1)

Action Taken by the European Pharmacopoeia

385

(1)

Actions Taken by the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products

385

(1)

Actions Taken by the National Institute of Bilogical Standardization and Control

386

(1)

Action Taken by the USDA

386

(4)

References

387

(3)

Vaccination against Strongylus vulgaris in Ponies: Comparison of the Humoral and Cytokine Responses of Vaccinates and Nonvaccinates

C. E. Swiderski

T. R. Klei

R. W. Folsom

S. S. Pourciau

A. Champman

M. R. Champman

R. M. Moore

J. R. McClure

H. W. Taylor

D. W. Horohov

Introduction

390

(1)

Methods

391

(4)

Results

395

(2)

Discussion

397

(8)

References

402

(3)

ISCOM: A Delivery System for Neonates and for Mucosal Administration

B. Morein

M. Villacres-Eriksson

J. Ekstrom

K. Hu

S. Behboudi

K. Lovgren-Bengtsson

Introduction: Immune Stimulating Complex

405

(1)

The ISCOM Concept

406

(1)

Formation of ISCOM

406

(1)

Antigen Presentation and Targeting by ISCOMs

407

(1)

Adjuvant Influences on the Transport of Antigen

408

(1)

Adjuvants and Delivery Systems for Induction of Mucosal Immunity

409

(1)

ISCOMs Induce a Cytokine Th1 Type Response But Also Th2

410

(1)

Antigens Loaded in ISCOMs Induce Immune Response in Neonates

410

(1)

Protective Immunity

411

(4)

References

412

(3)

An Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating the Importance of Immunoprophylaxis

415

(360)

Paul S. Morley

VI SWINE VACCINES

Present Uses of and Experiences with Swine Vaccines

Lennart Backstrom

Introduction

419

(2)

Material

421

(1)

Results

422

(3)

Discussion

425

(4)

References

427

(2)

Enteric Viral Infections of Pigs and Strategies for Induction of Mucosal Immunity

Linda J. Saif

Introduction and Background

429

(1)

Characteristics of Enteropathogenic Viruses

430

(4)

Muscosal Immunity to Enteropathogenic Viruses

434

(13)

References

442

(5)

Use of Interleukin 12 to Enhance the Cellular Immune Response of Swine to an Inactivated Herpesvirus Vaccine

Federico A. Zuckermann

Stephen Martin

Robert J. Husmann

Julie Brandt

Introduction

447

(1)

Cytokines as Vaccine Adjuvants

448

(1)

Interleukin 12 and Its Ability to Modulate Acquired Immunity

449

(2)

Porcine Model to Examine the Adjuvant Effect of Interleukin 12

451

(1)

Immune Mechanism(s) of Protective Immunity against Herpesvirus

452

(3)

Interleukin 12-Mediated Enhancement of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response to an Inactivated PrV Vaccine

455

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

456

(7)

References

458

(5)

Swinepox Virus as a Vaccine Vector for Swine Pathogens

Deoki N. Tripathy

Introduction

463

(2)

Conventional Vaccines

465

(2)

Recombinant Virus Vectored Vaccines

467

(9)

Summary

476

(5)

References

477

(4)

VII POULTRY VACCINES

Introduction to Poultry Vaccines and Immunity

J. M. Sharma

Introduction

481

(1)

Disease Prevention by Vaccination

482

(2)

Vaccination Programs

484

(1)

Vaccine Delivery

485

(1)

New Developments in Poultry Vaccines

486

(1)

General Features of the Avain Immune System

487

(1)

Humoral Immunity

488

(1)

Cell-Mediated Immunity

489

(1)

Summary

490

(5)

References

490

(5)

In Ovo Vaccination Technology

C. A. Ricks

A. Avakian

T. Bryan

R. Gildersleeve

E. Haddad

R. Ilich

S. King

L. Murray

P. Phelps

R. Poston

C. Whitfill

C. Williams

Introduction

495

(1)

Technology Discovery

496

(1)

Commercialization of In Ovo Marek's (HVT/SBI) Vaccination

497

(6)

Commercialization of Other In Ovo Live Viral Vaccines

503

(2)

Maternal Antibody Effects on Viral Vaccine Efficacy

505

(1)

Safe and Effective Vaccination in Presence of Maternal Antibodies

506

(5)

Bacterial Vaccines

511

(1)

Coccidial Vaccines

512

(1)

Summary

512

(5)

References

513

(4)

Current and Future Recombinant Viral Vaccines for Poultry

Mark W. Jackwood

Introduction and Background

517

(1)

Virus Vectors

517

(2)

Future Recombinant Vaccines for Poultry

519

(2)

Summary

521

(2)

References

522

(1)

VIII FISH, EXOTIC, AND WILDLIFE VACCINES

Development and Use of Modified Live Edwardsiella ictaluri Vaccine against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish

Phillip H. Klesius

Craig A. Shoemaker

Introduction

523

(2)

Materials and Methods

525

(2)

Results

527

(5)

Discussion

532

(2)

Summary

534

(5)

References

535

(4)

Fish Vaccines

Somsak Vinitnantharat

Kjersti Gravningen

Evan Greger

Introduction

539

(2)

Immunization Methods in Fish

541

(1)

Benefit of Using Vaccine

542

(1)

Vaccines against Some Specific Diseases

543

(6)

Summary

549

(2)

References

550

(1)

Cross-Species Vaccination in Wild and Exotic Animals

Joseph F. Curlee, Jr.

Introduction

551

(1)

Canine Distemper Virus

551

(2)

Clostridium botulinum Type C

553

(2)

Summary

555

(2)

References

555

(2)

Some Experiments and Field Observations of Distemper in Mink and Ferrets

John R. Gorham

Introduction

557

(1)

Vaccines

558

(4)

Routes of Vaccination

562

(1)

Maternal Antibody and Vaccination

562

(1)

Vaccination of Pregnant Female Mink

563

(1)

Transplacental and Neonatal Attempts to Immunize Ferrets against CDV

564

(1)

Time Interval Required to Infect Ferrets by Direct Contact

564

(1)

Experimental Epidemiology

565

(2)

Future Research

567

(4)

References

568

(3)

Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies: Successful Use of a Vectored Vaccine Obtained by Recombinant Technology

M. Mackowiak

J. Maki

L. Motes-Kreimeyer

T. Harbin

K. Van Kampen

Introduction and Background

571

(1)

Raboral V-RG: A Rabies Vaccine Created by Recombinant Technology

572

(1)

USDA Testing of Recombinant Vaccines

573

(3)

Controlling Raccoon Rabies

576

(4)

Rabies in Texas: Coyotes and Gray Foxes

580

(1)

Summary

581

(4)

References

582

(3)

IX REGULATION, LICENSING, AND STANDARDIZATION OF VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS

Authorities and Procedures for Licensing Veterinary Biological Products in the United States

David A. Espeseth

Thomas J. Myers

Introduction

585

(1)

Organization

586

(1)

Licensing Procedures for Conventional Vaccines and Bacterins

587

(3)

Licensing Procedures for Nonconventional Products

590

(1)

Conditional Licenses

591

(1)

Licenses for Further Manufacture

591

(1)

Sublicensing

592

(1)

Exemptions to Licensure

592

(1)

Autogenous Products

592

(1)

Summary

593

(2)

Reference

593

(2)

Licensing Procedures for Immunological Veterinary Medicinal Products in the European Union

P. P. Pastoret

F. Falize

Introduction

595

(1)

Role of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products

596

(1)

Available European Procedures

597

(1)

New Definitions of Veterinary Biologicals

598

(2)

Revision-Validation of Vaccines Already on the Market

600

(1)

Manufacturing Authorization

601

(1)

Batch Control/Release

602

(1)

Special Case of Equine Influenza Vaccines

602

(2)

Role of the European Pharmacopoeia

604

(3)

Summary

607

(2)

References

607

(2)

International Association of Biological Standardization and International Harmonization

Daniel Gaudry

Introduction

609

(1)

Introducing the IABS

610

(2)

A Case Study: Report of the Avian Products Standardization Committee (March 1979)

612

(3)

Technical Requirements for the Licensing of Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) Vaccines in the European Union

P. Vannier

Introduction

615

(1)

Safety Testing

616

(4)

Efficacy Testing

620

(4)

Batch Release Controls

624

(1)

Summary

624

(3)

References

625

(2)

Specific Licensing Considerations for Modified Live Pseudorabies Vaccines in the United States

Diane L. Sutton

Introduction

627

(1)

Licensing Considerations

628

(5)

Reference

632

(1)

Why Do Vaccine Labels Say the Funny Things They Do?

David R. Hustead

Introduction

633

(1)

Vaccine Label Expectations

634

(1)

Vaccine Label Reality

634

(6)

Recommendations for Standardization Improvements

640

(3)

Standardization of Diagnostic Assays for Animal Acute Phase Proteins

P. David Eckersall

Susan Duthie

Mathilda J. M. Toussaint

Erik Gruys

Peter Heegaard

Maria Alava

Cornelia Lipperheide

Francois Madec

Introduction and Background

643

(2)

Acute Phase Protein in Animals

645

(2)

Methods of Acute Phase Protein Assay

647

(2)

Standardization of Acute Phase Protein Assays

649

(8)

References

653

(4)

Vaccination Practices in Veterinary Medicine: Standardization versus Tailored to Needs?

Serge Martinod

Introduction

657

(1)

Can We Standardize Vaccination Practices?

658

(4)

Are We Vaccinating Too Much?

662

(3)

Consequences for the Animal Health Industry

665

(3)

Summary

668

(1)

International Harmonization of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: Role of the Office International des Epizooties

Peter F. Wright

Introduction

669

(1)

Organization and Structure

670

(2)

Specialist Commissions

672

(1)

Standards Commission

672

(5)

Summary

677

(5)

References

679

(3)

X ADVERSE VACCINE REACTIONS, FAILURES, AND POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE

Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures

James A. Roth

Introduction

682

(2)

Adverse Vaccine Reactions

684

(7)

Vaccine Failure

691

(5)

Summary

696

(5)

References

696

(5)

Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Vaccination

Larry T. Glickman

Defining the Problem

701

(1)

Vaccine Risk Assessment

702

(1)

Current Sources of Data on Adverse Reactions

703

(3)

Suggested Improvements in Postmarketing Surveillance

706

(3)

Risk Management and Risk Communication

709

(1)

Summary

710

(5)

References

712

(3)

More Bumps on the Vaccine Road

W. Jean Dodds

Introduction and Background

715

(1)

Overview of Adverse Effects of Vaccines

716

(3)

Breed Study Examples

719

(5)

Periodicity of Booster Vaccination

724

(3)

Alternative Strategies to Conventional Vaccination

727

(2)

Summary and Future Directions

729

(4)

References

729

(4)

Vaccine-Induced Autoimmunity in the Dog

Harm HogenEsch

Juan Azcona-Olivera

Catharine Scott-Moncrieff

Paul W. Snyder

Larry T. Glickman

Introduction

733

(2)

Materials and Methods

735

(2)

Results

737

(3)

Discussion

740

(9)

References

745

(4)

An Introduction to Analytical Methods for the Postmarketing Surveillance of Veterinary Vaccines

David Siev

Introduction

749

(1)

Postmarketing Surveillance and Public Policy

750

(1)

Postmarketing Surveillance Datum

751

(3)

Fathoming Spontaneous Adverse Event Report Data

754

(4)

Quantitative Analysis of Adverse Event Report Data

758

(11)

Summary

769

(6)

References

773

(2)

Index

775

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Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics

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