Vitamin C: Its Functions and Biochemistry in Animals and Plants

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ISBN: 9781859962930 | 1859962939
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/10/2004

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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a key vitamin to animals and plants. This book looks at all aspects of vitamin C; its chemical and biochemical properties, its role in various plants and animals and its effect on our health. Written by an international team of experts, together they represent much of the expertise on vitamin C throughout the world.

Contributors

Acknowledgements

xii

Abbreviations

xiii

Introduction

(172)

1. Ascorbate biosynthesis: a diversity of pathways

(24)

N. Smirnoff, J.A. Running and S. Gatzek

Introduction

(3)

Ascorbate biosynthesis in mammals

(2)

Ascorbate biosynthesis in green plants

(5)

Ascorbate biosynthesis in algae

(2)

Biosynthesis of ascorbate analogs in fungi

(4)

Phylogenetic considerations and conclusions

(1)

References

(7)

2. Ascorbic acid catabolism: breakdown pathways in animals and plants

(18)

G Bánhegyi and F.A. Loewus

Introduction

(1)

Catabolism of ascorbate in animals

(5)

Catabolism of ascorbic acid in plants

(6)

Overview and future prospects

(1)

References

(7)

3. The biotechnology of ascorbic acid manufacture

(16)

J.A. Running, S. Peng and R.A. Rosson

Introduction

(1)

Multi-step ascorbic acid synthesis processes

(3)

One-step ascorbic acid fermentation processes from microalgae

(2)

New one-step fermentation process for the production of ascorbic acid

(6)

Commercial production as of 2003

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(4)

4. The role of ascorbic acid in defense networks and signaling in plants

(18)

C.H. Foyer

Introduction

(1)

Ascorbate and chloroplasts

(5)

Regulation of ascorbate synthesis in mitochondria

(1)

Ascorbate and the apoplast

(1)

Ascorbate signaling

(2)

Interaction between ascorbate and plant hormones

(1)

Conclusions and perspectives

(2)

References

(5)

5. Ascorbate and plant growth: from germination to cell death

(14)

L. De Gara

The ascorbate system: related molecules with different properties, linked by a network of redox reactions

(1)

Ascorbate metabolism and cellular compartmentalization

(1)

Ascorbate involvement in the cellular mechanisms of plant growth

(3)

Ascorbate and plant growth

(4)

Future perspectives and conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

6. Vitamin C transport in animals and plants

(22)

J.X. Wilson

Introduction

(1)

Simple diffusion

(2)

Facilitated diffusion

(8)

Active transport

107

(5)

Conclusion

112

(1)

Acknowledgments

113

(1)

References

113

(6)

7. Membrane redox proteins involved in ascorbate-mediated reactions

J.M. Villalba, M. del Carmen Córdoba-Pedregosa and J.A. González-Reyes

Introduction

119

(1)

ASC and membrane oxidoreductases in animal cells

120

(6)

ASC and membrane oxidoreductases in plant cells

126

(5)

The yeast model as a tool for the study of ASC-related membrane oxidoreductases

131

(2)

Concluding remarks

133

(1)

Acknowledgments

133

(1)

References

134

(5)

8. Ascorbate recycling

139

(20)

J. May and H. Asard

Introduction

139

(1)

Chemistry of cellular ascorbate recycling in cells

139

(2)

Mechanisms of ascorbate recycling

141

(9)

Relative importance of recycling of ASC from MDHA or DHA

150

(1)

Role of ascorbate recycling in cellular homeostasis of ascorbate

151

(1)

Conclusion

152

(1)

References

152

(7)

9. How does ascorbic acid prevent scurvy? A survey of the nonantioxidant functions of vitamin C

159

(14)

M.G. De Tullio

Introduction

159

(1)

Scurvy

160

(2)

Dioxygenases and scurvy

162

(6)

Multi-step control of 2-ODD expression and activity by ASC

168

(1)

Conclusions

169

(1)

Acknowledgments

169

(1)

References

169

(4)

10. Ascorbate as an antioxidant

173

(16)

G.R. Buettner and F.Q. Schafer

Basic chemistry of ascorbate

173

(4)

ASC as a donor antioxidant

177

(5)

Asc- as a marker of oxidative stress

182

(1)

Ascorbate as a pro-oxidant

182

(1)

Autoxidation of ascorbate and working with ascorbate solutions

183

(2)

Human health and ascorbate

185

(1)

Acknowledgments

185

(1)

References

186

(3)

11. Vitamin C and oxidative damage to DNA

189

(14)

H.E. Poulsen, P. Møller, J Lykkesfeldt, A. Weimann and S. Loft

Introduction

189

(1)

Measurements of DNA oxidation

189

(2)

Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of vitamin C

191

(2)

Vitamin C and oxidative DNA damage in sperm

193

(1)

Vitamin C intervention trials relating to oxidative DNA damage and related disease

194

(4)

Conclusions

198

(1)

References

198

(5)

12. Vitamin C status declines with age

203

(26)

A.J. Michels and T.M. Hagen

Introduction

203

(1)

Aging, antioxidants, and oxidative stress

203

(2)

Evidence for age-related decline of vitamin C

205

(9)

Age-dependent changes in vitamin C transport

214

(5)

Conclusions and future directions

219

(1)

References

220

(9)

13. Ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: uptake, distribution and functions

229

(18)

R.J. Reiter

Introduction

229

(1)

Transport of ASC into the brain

230

(2)

Distribution of ASC in the brain

232

(2)

Actions of ASC in the brain

234

(8)

Concluding remarks

242

(1)

References

242

(5)

14. Physiology of vitamin C in neutrophils during inflammation

247

(14)

J.W. Heinecke

Introduction

247

(1)

Oxidant production by neutrophils

248

(1)

Physiology of vitamin C

249

(1)

Mechanisms for vitamin C uptake in neutrophils

249

(1)

Vitamin C recycling in human neutrophils

250

(1)

Reduction of DHA

251

(1)

Vitamin C scavenges oxidants in vitro

252

(2)

Does vitamin C scavenge oxidants in vivo?

254

(2)

Vitamin supplementation in patients at increased risk of infection

256

(1)

Prospects

257

(1)

References

257

(4)

15. Ascorbic acid in atherosclerosis

261

(30)

P.K. Witting and R. Stocker

Introduction

261

(5)

Protective activities of vitamin C in atherosclerosis

266

(6)

Ascorbate in atherosclerotic lesions

272

(2)

Vitamin C and atherosclerosis

274

(1)

Vitamin C and CVD

275

(6)

Summary and conclusions

281

(1)

References

281

(10)

16. Dietary allowances for vitamin C: Recommended Dietary Allowances and optimal nutrient ingestion

291

(28)

M. Levine, S. Padayatty, A. Katz, O. Kwon, P. Eck, C. Corpe, J.-H. Lee and Y Wang

Background

291

(3)

Recommended Dietary Allowances and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, 2000: rationales and values

294

(6)

Critical evaluation of RDAs and DRIs for vitamin C

300

(7)

Optimal nutrient ingestion

307

(7)

References

314

(5)

Index

319

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Vitamin C: Its Functions and Biochemistry in Animals and Plants

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