Voice over Ip Fundamentals

, by Davidson, Jonathan; Peters, James F.; Bhatia, Manoj; Kalidindi, Satish; Mukherjee, Sudipto

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ISBN: 9781587052576 | 1587052571
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/27/2006

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A systematic approach to understanding the basics of voice over IP Understand the basics of enterprise and public telephony networking, IP networking, and how voice is transported over IP networks Learn the various caveats of converging voice and data networks Examine the basic VoIP signaling protocols (H.323, MGCP/H.248, SIP) and primary legacy voice signaling protocols (ISDN, C7/SS7) Explore how VoIP can run the same applications as the existing telephony system but in a more cost-efficient and scalable manner Delve into such VoIP topics as jitter, latency, packet loss, codecs, QoS tools, and security Voice over IP (VoIP) has become an important factor in network communications, promising lower operational costs, greater flexibility, and a variety of enhanced applications. To help you understand VoIP networks,Voice over IP Fundamentalsprovides a thorough introduction to the basics of VoIP. Voice over IP Fundamentalsexplains how a basic IP telephony infrastructure is built and works today, major concepts concerning voice and data networking, and transmission of voice over data networks. Yours"ll learn how voice is signaled through legacy telephone networks, how IP signaling protocols are used to interoperate with current telephony systems, and how to ensure good voice quality using quality of service (QoS). Even thoughVoice over IP Fundamentalsis written for anyone seeking to understand how to use IP to transport voice, its target audience comprises both voice and data networking professionals. In the past, professionals working in voice and data networking did not have to understand each otherrs"s roles. However, in this world of time-division multiplexing (TDM) and IP convergence, it is important to understand how these technologies work together.Voice over IP Fundamentalsexplains all the details so that voice experts can understand data networking and data experts can understand voice networking. The second edition of this best-selling book includes new chapters on the importance of billing and mediation in a VoIP network, security, and the common types of threats inherent when packet voice environments, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), and VoIP interoperate. It also explains enterprise and service-provider applications and services.

Introduction

Part I PSTN

(124)

Overview of the PSTN and Comparisons to Voice over IP

(30)

The Beginning of the PSTN

(2)

Understanding PSTN Basics

(9)

Analog and Digital Signaling

(2)

Digital Voice Signals

(1)

Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch Communication

(1)

PSTN Signaling

(1)

User-to-Network Signaling

(2)

Network-to-Network Signaling

(3)

PSTN Services and Applications

(4)

PSTN Numbering Plans

(1)

NANP

(1)

ITU-T International Numbering Plan

(1)

Drivers Behind the Convergence Between Voice and Data Networking

(1)

Drawbacks to the PSTN

(1)

Packet Telephony Network Drivers

(9)

Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure Layer

(2)

Open Call-Control Layer

(1)

VoIP Call-Control Protocols

(1)

H.323

(2)

MGCP (Evolution from SGCP and IPDC)

(2)

SIP

(1)

H.248/MEGACO

(1)

Open Service Application Layer

(1)

New PSTN Network Infrastructure Model

(2)

Summary

(3)

Enterprise Telephony Today

(12)

Similarities Between PSTN and ET

(1)

Differences Between PSTN and ET

(1)

Signaling Treatment

(1)

Advanced Features

(1)

Common ET and PSTN Interworking

(8)

ET Networks Provided by PSTN

(1)

Simple Business Line

(1)

Centrex Line

(1)

VPN

(2)

Private ET Networks

(1)

PBX Networks

(2)

Tie-Lines for PBX Interconnection

(2)

Summary

(2)

Basic Telephony Signaling

(32)

Signaling Overview

(3)

Analog and Digital Signaling

(1)

Direct Current Signaling

(1)

In-Band and Out-of-Band Signaling

(1)

Loop-Start and Ground-Start Signaling

(1)

CAS and CCS

(1)

E&M Signaling

(4)

Type I

(1)

Type II

(1)

Type III

(1)

Type IV

(1)

Type V

(1)

CAS

(10)

Bell System MF Signaling

(1)

Supervision Signaling

(2)

Address Signaling

(1)

CCITT No. 5 Signaling

(1)

Supervision Signaling

(1)

Address Signaling

(1)

Supervision Signaling on Analog Trunks

(1)

Supervision Signaling on Digital Trunks

(1)

Inter-Register Signaling

(1)

ISDN

(9)

ISDN Services

(1)

ISDN Access Interfaces

(1)

BRI

(2)

PRI

(1)

ISDN L2 and L3 Protocols

(1)

Q.931 Call Control Messages

(2)

Basic ISDN Call

(1)

Call Setup

(1)

Call Disconnect

(1)

QSIG

(4)

QSIG Services

(1)

QSIG Architecture and Reference Points

(1)

QSIG Protocol Stack

(1)

QSIG Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example

(1)

DPNSS

(1)

Summary

(2)

Signaling System 7

(38)

SS7 Network Architecture

(9)

Signaling Elements

(1)

SSP

(1)

STP

(1)

Global Title Translation

(1)

STP Hierarchy

(1)

SCP

(1)

Signaling Links

(1)

Signaling Modes

(1)

Signaling Links and Linksets

(2)

Signaling Routes

(1)

Signaling Link Performance

(1)

SS7 Protocol Overview

(23)

Physical Layer---MTP L1

(1)

Data Layer---MTP L2

(1)

FISU

(2)

LSSU

(1)

MSU

(2)

Network Layer---MTP3

(1)

Message Format

(1)

SMH

(1)

Routing Overview

(2)

SNM Message Structure

100

(1)

Congestion Control

100

(1)

Rerouting

101

(1)

Changeover and Changeback

101

(1)

SCCP

102

(1)

Connection-Oriented Services

102

(1)

Connectionless Services and Messages

102

(2)

SCCP Connectionless Example

104

(1)

SCCP Management Functions

104

(1)

TUP

104

(1)

ISUP

105

(1)

ISUP Services

105

(1)

End-to-End Signaling

106

(1)

Call Setup and Teardown

106

(1)

ISUP Message Format

107

(1)

ISUP Call Control Messages

108

(1)

TCAP

109

(1)

TCAP Interfaces

110

(1)

Transaction Portion of TCAP

111

(1)

Component Portion of TCAP

111

(1)

SS7 Examples

112

(3)

Basic Call Setup and Teardown Example

112

(1)

800 Database Query Example

113

(2)

List of SS7 Specifications

115

(1)

Summary

115

(2)

PSTN Services

117

(10)

Plain Old Telephone Service

117

(2)

Custom Calling Features

118

(1)

Class Features

118

(1)

Voice Mail

119

(1)

Business Services

119

(3)

Virtual Private Voice Networks

120

(1)

Centrex Services

121

(1)

Call Center Services

121

(1)

Service Provider Services

122

(2)

Database Services

122

(1)

Operator Services

123

(1)

Summary

124

(3)

Part II Voice over IP Technology

127

(112)

IP Tutorial

129

(16)

OSI Reference Model

129

(4)

The Application Layer

130

(1)

The Presentation Layer

130

(1)

The Session Layer

131

(1)

The Transport Layer

131

(1)

The Network Layer

131

(1)

The Data Link Layer

132

(1)

The Physical Layer

132

(1)

Internet Protocol

133

(1)

Data Link Layer Addresses

134

(1)

IP Addressing

135

(2)

Routing Protocols

137

(2)

Distance-Vector Routing

138

(1)

Link-State Routing

138

(1)

BGP

138

(1)

IS-IS

138

(1)

OSPF

139

(1)

IGRP

139

(1)

EIGRP

139

(1)

RIP

140

(1)

IP Transport Mechanisms

140

(3)

TCP

141

(1)

UDP

142

(1)

Summary

143

(1)

References

143

(2)

VoIP: An In-Depth Analysis

145

(24)

Delay/Latency

146

(2)

Propagation Delay

146

(1)

Handling Delay

146

(1)

Queuing Delay

147

(1)

Jitter

148

(1)

Pulse Code Modulation

149

(2)

What Is PCM?

149

(1)

A Sampling Example for Satellite Networks

150

(1)

Voice Compression

151

(3)

Voice Coding Standards

152

(1)

Mean Opinion Score

152

(2)

Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement

154

(1)

Echo

154

(1)

Packet Loss

155

(2)

Voice Activity Detection

157

(1)

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

158

(1)

Tandem Encoding

158

(2)

Transport Protocols

160

(2)

RTP

161

(1)

Reliable User Data Protocol

162

(1)

Dial-Plan Design

162

(2)

End Office Switch Call-Flow Versus IP Phone Call

164

(3)

Summary

167

(1)

References

167

(2)

Quality of Service

169

(38)

QoS Network Toolkit

170

(2)

Edge Functions

172

(15)

Bandwidth Limitations

172

(1)

cRTP

173

(2)

Queuing

175

(1)

Weighted Fair Queuing

176

(1)

Custom Queuing

177

(1)

Priority Queuing

178

(1)

CB-WFQ (CB=Class Based)

179

(1)

PQ within CB-WFQ (Low Latency Queuing)

180

(1)

Queuing Summary

180

(1)

Packet Classification

180

(1)

IP Precedence

181

(2)

Policy Routing

183

(1)

RSVP

184

(3)

Traffic Policing

187

(10)

CAR

187

(2)

Traffic Shaping

189

(1)

Differences Between GTS and FRTS

190

(1)

Traffic Shaping and Queuing

190

(3)

Fragmentation

193

(1)

Blocking

194

(1)

MCML PPP

194

(1)

FRF.12

195

(1)

IP MTU and MTU

195

(2)

Edge QoS Wrap-Up

197

(1)

Backbone Networks

197

(3)

High-Speed Transport

197

(1)

Modified Deficit Round Robin

198

(1)

Congestion Avoidance

198

(1)

WRED

198

(1)

TCP

199

(1)

Backbone QoS Wrap-Up

200

(1)

Rules of Thumb for QoS

200

(1)

Cisco Labs' QoS Testing

201

(2)

Summary

203

(4)

Billing and Mediation Services

207

(14)

Billing Basics

207

(6)

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)

208

(1)

Radius

209

(1)

Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSA)

210

(1)

Billing Formats

210

(1)

Typical Telco Approach

210

(1)

Open Settlements Protocol (OSP)-Based Approach

211

(1)

Radius-Based Approach

212

(1)

IPDR-Based Approach

212

(1)

Case Study: Cisco SIP Proxy Server and Billing

213

(5)

Radius Server Accounting

215

(1)

Radius Interface for Cisco SPS

215

(2)

Prepaid and Postpaid Applications

217

(1)

Challenges for VoIP Networks

218

(1)

Mediation Services

218

(1)

Summary

219

(2)

Voice Security

221

(18)

Security Requirements

221

(1)

Security Technologies

221

(6)

Shared-Key Approaches

222

(1)

Public-Key Cryptography

222

(1)

Asymmetric Keys

222

(1)

Digital Signature

223

(1)

Certificates and Certificate Authority

224

(1)

Public-Key-Based Protocols

224

(3)

Protecting Voice Devices

227

(1)

Disabling Unused Ports/Services

227

(1)

HIPS

228

(1)

Protecting IP Network Infrastructure

228

(7)

Segmentation

228

(1)

Traffic Policing

229

(1)

802.1x Device Authentication

229

(1)

Layer 2 Tools

230

(1)

DHCP Snooping

230

(1)

IP Source Guard

231

(1)

Dynamic ARP Inspection

231

(1)

CAM Overflow and Port Security

232

(1)

BPDU Guard and Root Guard

232

(1)

Circumventing VLANs

233

(1)

NIPS

233

(1)

Layer 3 Tools

233

(1)

Authentication of Routing Updates

234

(1)

TCP Intercept

234

(1)

Security Planning and Policies

235

(1)

Transitive Trust

235

(1)

VoIP Protocol-Specific Issues

235

(1)

Complexity Tradeoffs

235

(1)

NAT/Firewall Traversal

236

(1)

Password and Access Control

236

(1)

Summary

236

(3)

Part III IP Signaling Protocols

239

(82)

H.323

241

(26)

H.323 Elements

245

(4)

Terminal

245

(2)

Gateway

247

(1)

Gatekeeper

247

(1)

The MCU and Elements

248

(1)

H.323 Proxy Server

249

(1)

H.323 Protocol Suite

249

(11)

RAS Signaling

250

(1)

Gatekeeper Discovery

250

(1)

Registration

251

(1)

Endpoint Location

252

(1)

Admissions

253

(1)

Status Information

253

(1)

Bandwidth Control

254

(1)

Call Control Signaling (H.225)

254

(3)

Media Control and Transport (H.245 and RTP/RTCP)

257

(1)

Fast Connect Procedures

258

(1)

Tunneling H.245

258

(1)

Call Termination

259

(1)

Media Transport (RTP/RTCP)

259

(1)

H.323 Call-Flows

260

(4)

Summary

264

(3)

SIP

267

(34)

SIP Overview

268

(3)

Functionality That SIP Provides

268

(1)

SIP Network Elements

268

(1)

Interaction with Other IETF Protocols

269

(1)

Message Flow in SIP Network

270

(1)

SIP Message Building Blocks

271

(9)

SIP Addressing

271

(1)

SIP Messages

272

(1)

SIP Requests

272

(1)

SIP Responses

273

(2)

SIP Message Structure

275

(2)

SIP Headers

277

(1)

SIP Transactions and Dialog

278

(2)

Transport Layer Protocols for SIP Signaling

280

(1)

Basic Operation of SIP

280

(4)

Proxy Server Example

280

(1)

Redirect Server Example

281

(2)

B2BUA Server Example

283

(1)

SIP Procedures for Registration and Routing

284

(7)

User Agent Discovering SIP Servers in a Network

285

(1)

SIP Registration and User Mobility

285

(2)

SIP Message Routing

287

(1)

Routing of Subsequent Requests Within a SIP Dialog

288

(3)

Signaling Forking at the Proxy

291

(1)

Enhanced Proxy Routing

291

(1)

SIP Extensions

291

(8)

SIP Extension Negotiation Mechanism: Require, Supported, Allow Headers

292

(1)

Caller and Callee Preferences

293

(1)

SIP Event Notification Framework: Subscription and Notifications

294

(1)

Subscribe and Notify Methods

294

(1)

Monitoring Registration State Using the Subscription-Notification Framework

295

(1)

SIP Refer Request

296

(1)

Presence and Instant Messaging Overview

297

(1)

SIP Extensions for IM and Presence

298

(1)

Summary

299

(2)

Gateway Control Protocols

301

(20)

MGCP Overview

301

(1)

MGCP Model

302

(1)

Endpoints

302

(1)

Connections

303

(1)

Calls

303

(1)

MGCP Commands and Messages

303

(8)

CreateConnection (CRCX)

304

(1)

ModifyConnection (MDCX)

305

(1)

DeleteConnection (DLCX)

305

(1)

NotificationRequest (RQNT)

305

(3)

Notification (NTFY)

308

(1)

AuditEndpoint (AUEP)

308

(1)

AuditConnection (AUCX)

309

(1)

RestartIn-Progress (RSIP)

309

(1)

EndpointConfiguration (EPCF)

310

(1)

MGCP Response Messages

310

(1)

MGCP Call Flows

311

(4)

Basic MGCP Call Flow

311

(2)

Trunking GW-to-Trunking GW Call Flow

313

(2)

Advanced MGCP Features

315

(2)

Events and Event Packages

315

(1)

Digit Maps

316

(1)

Embedded Notification Requests

316

(1)

Non-IP Bearer Networks

317

(1)

H.248/Megaco

317

(1)

Summary

318

(3)

Part IV VoIP Applications and Services

321

(51)

PSTN and VoIP Interworking

323

(28)

Cisco Packet Telephony

323

(2)

Packet Voice Network Overview

325

(7)

Network Elements

325

(1)

Call Agent: PGW2200

326

(1)

Media Gateway

327

(1)

Service Control Point

328

(1)

Cable Headend

328

(1)

Residential Gateway

328

(1)

H.323/SIP Endpoint/Client

329

(1)

Network Interfaces

329

(1)

Signaling Termination

329

(1)

Inter-PGW2200 Signaling

330

(1)

Connection Control: MGCP

331

(1)

Services Control

331

(1)

PGW2200 Architecture and Operations

332

(5)

PGW2200-Supported Protocols

332

(1)

Execution Environment

333

(1)

North American Numbering Plan

334

(1)

Route Analysis

334

(2)

Digit Analysis

336

(1)

Reroute on Congestion

336

(1)

PGW2200 Implementation

337

(5)

Application Check-Pointing

338

(1)

MGC Node Manager

338

(3)

Accounting

341

(1)

PSTN Signaling Over IP

342

(2)

SCTP

342

(1)

IUA

343

(1)

Changing Landscape of PSTN-IP Interworking

344

(2)

Session Border Controller (SBC)

346

(2)

Summary

348

(3)

Service Provider VoIP Applications and Services

351

(12)

The Service Provider Dilemma

351

(2)

Service Provider Applications and Benefits

353

(1)

Service Provider VoIP Deployment: Vonage

354

(2)

VoIP Operational Advantages

355

(1)

Service Provider Case Study: Prepaid Calling Card

356

(2)

BOWIE.net Multiservice Networks

356

(2)

Session Border Control: Value Addition

358

(1)

VoIP Peering: Top Priority for the Service Providers

359

(1)

Service Provider VoIP and Consumer Fixed Mobile Convergence

359

(2)

Summary

361

(2)

Enterprise Voice over IP Applications and Services

363

(9)

Migrating to VoIP Architecture

363

(1)

Enterprise Voice Applications and Benefits

364

(1)

Advanced Enterprise Applications

365

(4)

Web-Based Collaboration and Conference

366

(1)

The Need for Presence Information

367

(1)

Presence-Aware Services

368

(1)

Wi-Fi-Enabled Phones

369

(1)

Better Voice Quality Using Wideband Codecs

370

(1)

Summary

370

(2)

Index

372

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Voice over Ip Fundamentals

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials