Voices of the Poor; Volume 2: Crying Out for Change

, by Deepa Narayan; Robert Chambers; Meera K. Shah; Patti Petesch

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ISBN: 9780195216028 | 0195216024
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/12/2000

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This book is based on the realities and opinions of poor people. It draws upon research conducted in 1999 involving over 20,000 poor women and men from over 23 countries. Despite very different political, social and economic contexts, there are striking similarities in poor people's experiences. The common theme underlying poor people's experiences is one of powerlessness. Many of the respondents feel they are worse off and more insecure than in the past. Their descriptions of encounters with, and views on, a range of institutions, both governmental and nongovernmental, is cause for policy makers and others to rethink their intervention strategies.

Foreword

Perspectives of the Poor

(20)

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Origin of the Study

(1)

The Study Process

(5)

An Evolving Framework

(1)

Focus of the Study

(1)

Country Selection

(1)

Site Selection: Representativeness

(2)

Experiences in the Field

(10)

The Pressure of Time

(1)

Establishing Trust

(1)

Unprepared to Deal with Loss, Grief and Anger

(1)

Participatory Methods: What Worked and What Did Not

(4)

Data Analyses

(1)

Ethics of Participatory Methods

(2)

Challenges in Writing This Book

(3)

Wellbeing and Illbeing: The Good and the Bad Life

(25)

Summary

(1)

Wellbeing Is Multidimensional

(1)

Wellbeing: The Good Life

(1)

How Poor People Put It

(2)

Materially, Enough for a Good Life Is Not a Lot

(5)

Material Wellbeing: Having Enough

(1)

Bodily Wellbeing: Being and Appearing Well

(1)

Social Wellbeing

(1)

Security

(1)

Freedom of Choice and Action

(1)

Diversity by Context and Person

(1)

Wealth and Wellbeing Are Different

(1)

Illbeing: The Bad Life

(1)

The Multidimensionality of Illbeing

(6)

Material Lack and Want

(3)

Physical Illbeing

(1)

Bad Social Relations: Exclusion, Rejection, Isolation and Loneliness

(1)

Insecurity, Vulnerability, Worry and Fear

(1)

Powerlessness, Helplessness, Frustration and Anger

(1)

Psychological Experience of Wellbeing and Illbeing

(1)

The Experience of Wellbeing: Peace of Mind, Happiness and Harmony

(1)

The Experience of Illbeing: Humiliation, Shame, Anguish and Grief

(4)

Humiliation, Shame and Stigma

(1)

Anguish, Loss and Grief

(3)

The Illbeing of Children

(1)

Reflections

(4)

The Struggle for Livelihoods

(25)

Summary

(1)

Poor People's Priority

(1)

Rural Livelihoods: Producing amid Scarcity

(7)

Access to Land

(1)

Diminishing Inputs and Returns

(1)

Few Institutional Supports

(1)

Common Property Resources under Stress

(1)

Migration and Remittances

(2)

Diversified Livelihoods in Cities and Countryside

(3)

Getting Hired---Connections Needed

(1)

Lawlessness on the Job

(1)

Seasonal Fluctuations

(1)

Money in Short Supply

(3)

Informal Credit

(2)

Formal Credit and Banks

(1)

Livelihoods That Steal the Future

(3)

Limited Opportunities

(6)

Where Life Is Better

(1)

Individual Breakthroughs

(4)

The Challenge of Livelihoods

(3)

Places of the Poor

(18)

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Missing Basics

(9)

Water---Inadequate and Unsafe

(3)

Isolation and Poor Access

(3)

Bad Housing and Shelter

(1)

Energy Scarcity

(2)

No Sanitation---Filth and Stench

(1)

The Politics of Infrastructure and Place

(3)

Trapped in Poor Places

(4)

Environmental Risks

(1)

Seasonal Stress: Worst at Bad Times

(1)

Insecurity and Stigma

(1)

Catastrophic for Children

(1)

The Challenge of Poor Places

(1)

The Body

(20)

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

How the Body Looks and Feels

(5)

Physical Appearance

(1)

Hunger

(1)

Exhaustion: Poverty of Energy and Time

(1)

Sickness of Body and Mind

(2)

The Body as an Asset

(3)

Body Blows: How Injury, Illness and Their Costs Impoverish

(2)

Troubles with Treatment

100

(5)

Lacking Physical Access and Medicines

101

(1)

Time Spent

101

(1)

Financial Costs

102

(1)

The Behavior of Medical and Health Staff

103

(1)

Poor Quality

104

(1)

Positive Experiences

105

(2)

Private Treatment

107

(1)

The Challenge

107

(2)

Gender Relations in Troubled Transition

109

(24)

Summary

109

(1)

Introduction

110

(1)

Changing Gender Roles and Responsibilities

111

(8)

Diversification of Women's Work

111

(3)

Increased Work Burden of Women

114

(1)

Household Gender Roles: A Blurred Divide

115

(1)

Decisionmaking at the Household Level

116

(2)

Male Frustration, Anxiety and Sense of Inferiority

118

(1)

Domestic Abuse and Violence

119

(12)

Definitions of Domestic Abuse and Violence

120

(2)

Causes of Domestic Abuse and Violence

122

(2)

Changes in Levels of Domestic Violence

124

(7)

The Opportunity and Challenge

131

(2)

Social Illbeing: Left Out and Pushed Down

133

(18)

Summary

133

(1)

Introduction

134

(2)

Who Is Excluded?

134

(1)

The Bottom Poor

135

(1)

The Basis of Social Exclusion

136

(9)

The Stigma of Poverty

136

(2)

Lack of Money and Power

138

(1)

Ethnic, Linguistic, Racial and Cultural Isolation

139

(1)

Physical, Mental and Health Disabilities

140

(1)

Behaviors outside Community Norms

141

(1)

Area Stigma

141

(1)

Self-Exclusion

142

(1)

The Exclusion of Women

143

(2)

Changes in Social Cohesion

145

(4)

Strained Social Relations and Reduced Collective Action

146

(1)

What Brings People Together?

147

(2)

The Opportunity and Challenge

149

(2)

Anxiety, Fear and Insecurities

151

(28)

Summary

151

(1)

Introduction

152

(1)

What Does Security Mean to Poor People?

152

(1)

Trends and Patterns

153

(2)

Regional Trends in Security

154

(1)

Gender Differences

154

(1)

Types of Insecurity

155

(20)

Survival and Livelihoods

156

(1)

Rural: Uncertain Returns to Farming

156

(1)

Urban: Insecure Work, No Bargaining Power

157

(1)

Natural and Human-Made Disasters

158

(1)

Crime and Violence

159

(3)

Persecution by Police and Lack of Justice

162

(5)

Civil Conflict and War

167

(1)

Macropolicy Stresses and Shocks

168

(3)

Social Vulnerability

171

(4)

Health, Illness and Death

175

(1)

In Search of Security

175

(4)

The Character of Institutions

179

(18)

Summary

179

(1)

Introduction

180

(1)

Quality of Relationships

181

(7)

Trust

181

(1)

Participation

182

(3)

Accountability

185

(2)

Unity and Conflict Resolution

187

(1)

Valued Behaviors

188

(3)

Respect

189

(1)

Honesty and Fairness

189

(1)

Listening, Caring, Love and Compassion

190

(1)

Hardworking Problem-Solvers

191

(1)

Institutional Effectiveness

191

(3)

Timely, Responsive and Caring Support

192

(1)

Access, Closeness and Contact

193

(1)

In Search of Character

194

(3)

Governance: Poor People's Scorecards

197

(38)

Summary

197

(1)

Introduction

198

(1)

Institutional Ratings

199

(1)

Important Institutions

199

(1)

Effective Institutions

200

(1)

Ineffective Institutions

200

(1)

Governance and Accountability of State Institutions

200

(14)

Accountable to Whom?

203

(2)

Lack of Responsiveness

205

(3)

The Power of Documents

208

(1)

Decentralized Governance: Municipalities, Councilors and Mayors

209

(2)

Empowerment and Partnership

211

(3)

Interactions with Private Enterprise

214

(4)

The Power of Industry

214

(2)

Shops and Moneylenders

216

(2)

Governance and Accountability in Civil Society

218

(14)

Community-Based Organizations

219

(1)

Local Leadership

220

(2)

Churches, Mosques, Temples, Shrines, Trees, Stones and Rivers

222

(2)

Nongovernmental Organizations

224

(8)

Conclusion

232

(3)

Powerless, Trapped in a Many-Stranded Web

235

(28)

Summary

235

(1)

Trapped and Tied

236

(1)

Lack of Capabilities

237

(1)

Lack of Information

237

(3)

Telephones, Media and Information Technology

239

(1)

Lack of Education

240

(5)

The Strain of Costly and Distant Schools

241

(2)

Children's Labor Needed

243

(1)

Problems of Quality and Relevance

244

(1)

Lack of Skills

245

(1)

Low Self-Confidence and Self-Worth

246

(1)

Keeping Poor People Powerless: The Many-Stranded Web

247

(1)

The Many-Stranded Web

248

(2)

Poor People's Descriptions of Linkages

250

(2)

Shocks, Stresses and Sequences

252

(3)

Agonizing Choices

255

(5)

The Challenge of Powerlessness

260

(3)

A Call to Action: The Challenge to Change

263

(30)

Summary

263

(1)

Introduction

264

(1)

The Challenge to Reflect: The Meaning of Development

264

(1)

The Challenge to Power: Whose Voice Counts?

265

(1)

The Agenda for Change

266

(22)

From Material Poverty to Adequate Assests and Livelihoods

267

(3)

From Isolation and Poor Infrasturcture to Access and Services

270

(2)

From Illness and Incapability to Health, Information and Education

272

(3)

From Unequal and Troubled Gender Relations to Equity and Harmony

275

(3)

From Fear and Lack of Protection to Peace and Security

278

(3)

From Exclusion and Importence to Inclusion, Organization and Empowerment

281

(3)

From Corruption and Abuse to Honesty and Fair Treatment

284

(4)

The Challenge to Change

288

(5)

Appendix 1---Study Team and Acknowledgments

293

(5)

Appendix 2---Study Countries and Sites

298

(8)

Appendix 3---Overview of Study Themes and Methods

306

(8)

Appendix 4---About the Authors

314

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Voices of the Poor; Volume 2: Crying Out for Change

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials