Wari

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ISBN: 9780415009997 | 0415009995
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/11/1997

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This first major study of any Chapakuran language offers a unique, comprehensive grammatical description of Wari, covering syntax, negation, morphology, phonology, ideophone/interjection and lexicon. This grammar is especially important as Wari and all the Chapakuran languages are currently threatened with extinction; the known speakers of these languages, natives of Western Brazil and Eastern Bolivia, number less than 2,000.

Preface

(2)

Abbreviations

xvii

0. OVERVIEW OF `ORO NAO' GRAMMAR

(9)

0.0. Introduction

(1)

0.1. Phonology

(1)

0.1.1. Segmental inventory

(1)

1.1.2. Syllable structure and prosody

(1)

0.2. Morphology

(5)

0.2.1. Word classes

(1)

0.2.2. Nouns

(2)

0.2.3. Verbs

(1)

0.2.4. Preposition

(1)

0.2.5. Emphatic pronouns

(1)

0.2.6. Demonstratives and personal pronouns

(1)

0.2.7. Verbal and nominal inflectional clitics

(1)

0.2.7.1. Nominal inflectional clitics (NICS)

(1)

0.2.7.2. Verbal inflectional clitics (VICS)

(1)

0.3. Derivational morphology

(1)

0.4. COMP and INFL

(2)

1. SYNTAX

(213)

1.1. General questions

(107)

1.1.1. Sentence types

(68)

1.1.1.1. Direct and indirect speech sentence types

(2)

1.1.1.2. Interrogative sentences

(23)

1.1.1.3. Imperative sentences

(4)

1.1.1.4. `Oro Nao' sentence types

(39)

1.1.2. Subordination

(39)

1.1.2.1. General markers of subordination

(1)

1.1.2.2. Noun clauses

(5)

1.1.2.3. Relative clauses

(7)

1.1.2.4. Verbal modification clauses

(26)

1.1.2.5. Sequence of tenses

116

(1)

1.2. Structural questions

117

(42)

1.2.1. Internal structure of the sentence

117

(29)

1.2.1.1. Copular sentences

117

(3)

1.2.1.2. Verbal sentences

120

(19)

1.2.1.3. Verbal modification

139

(7)

1.2.2. Nominal modification phrases

146

(1)

1.2.3. Verbal modification phrases

146

(1)

1.2.4. Prepositional phrases

146

(3)

1.2.4.1. Operational definition for the prepositional phrase

146

(2)

1.2.4.2. Prepositional phrases and their arguments

148

(1)

1.2.5. Noun phrase

149

(10)

1.2.5.1. Operational definition for a noun phrase

149

(1)

1.2.5.2. Modifiers of noun phrases

150

(7)

1.2.5.3. Number of modifiers of a particular type which may co-occur

157

(1)

1.2.5.4-5. Constraints on combinations of modifiers and order of the heads and various modifiers

158

(1)

1.3. Coordination

159

(13)

1.3.1. Means of expressing coordination

159

(4)

1.3.1.1. `and'-coordination

159

(2)

1.3.1.2. `but'-coordination

161

(1)

1.3.1.3. `or'-coordination

162

(1)

1.3.1.4. `like'-coordination

162

(1)

1.3.2. Number of coordinators

163

(1)

1.3.3. Coordination of major categories of the sentence

163

(3)

1.3.4. Coordination and accompaniment

166

(1)

1.3.5. Structural parallelism in coordination

167

(2)

1.3.5.1. Coordination of nominal modifiers and participal constructions

167

(1)

1.3.5.2. Coordination of nouns and nominalized constructions

168

(1)

1.3.5.3. Coordination of various types of adverbials

169

(1)

1.3.5.4. Coordination of active and passive verbs

169

(1)

1.3.5.5. Coordination of verb categories

169

(1)

1.3.6. Elements of the sentence that can be omitted under identity in coordination

169

(1)

1.3.7. Elements of the noun phrase that can be omitted under identity in coordination

170

(2)

1.4. Negation

172

(8)

1.4.1. Sentence negation

172

(5)

1.4.2. Constituent negation

177

(1)

1.4.3. More than one negative element in a sentence

178

(1)

1.4.4. Coordination of negative clauses or sentences

179

(1)

1.4.5. Negation in subordinate and higher clauses

179

(1)

1.5. Anaphora

180

(9)

1.5.1. Means of expressing anaphora

180

(7)

1.5.1.1. Deletion

180

(3)

1.5.1.2. Deletion where element is marked on verb or other constituent

183

(1)

1.5.1.3. Demonstrative pronoun anaphora

183

(2)

1.5.1.4. Reflexive pronoun anaphora

185

(1)

1.5.1.5. Special anaphoric pronouns

185

(1)

1.5.1.6. Anaphoric function of referent particle quem

186

(1)

1.5.2. Anaphora in various syntactic environments

187

(1)

1.5.2.1. Anaphora within the clause

187

(1)

1.5.2.2-3. Anaphora between coordinate and superordinate and subordinate clauses

187

(1)

1.5.2.4. Anaphora between subordinate clauses

187

(1)

1.5.2.5. Anaphora between different sentences

188

(1)

1.5.3. Subordinating conjunctions

188

(1)

1.6. Reflexives

189

(2)

1.6.1. Means of expressing reflexivity

189

(1)

1.6.1.1. Invariable reflexive person marking morphemes

189

(1)

1.6.1.2. Variable reflexive person marking morphemes

189

(1)

1.6.2. Scope of reflexivity

190

(1)

1.6.3. Syntactic functions relating to reflexives

190

(1)

1.6.4. Position of reflexives within clause

191

(1)

1.6.5. Relations between antecedent and reflexive

191

(1)

1.6.6. Reflexive relations in nominalized clauses

191

(1)

1.6.7. Reflexive relations in noun phrases

191

(1)

1.6.8. Reflexives without overt antecedents

191

(1)

1.6.9. Other uses of reflexive forms

191

(1)

1.7. Reciprocals

191

(2)

1.7.1. Means of expressing reciprocality

191

(2)

1.8. Comparison

193

(3)

1.8.1. Means of expressing comparison

193

(2)

1.8.2-4. Omission of elements under identity

195

(1)

1.8.5. Types of comparative structures

195

(1)

1.8.6. Correlative comparison

195

(1)

1.9. Equative

196

(2)

1.9.1. Means of expressing equative

196

(2)

1.10. Possession

198

(1)

1.10.1. Sentences expressing possession

198

(1)

1.10.2. Alienable and inalienable possession

199

(1)

1.10.3. Temporary and permanent possession

199

(1)

1.10.4. Possession relative to persons, animals and things

199

(1)

1.10.5. Present and past possession

199

(1)

1.11. Emphasis

199

(13)

1.11.1. Sentence emphasis

199

(6)

1.11.1.1. Noncontradictory sentence emphasis

199

(6)

1.11.1.2. Contradictory sentence emphasis

205

(1)

1.11.2. Constituent emphasis

205

(6)

1.11.2.1. Means of expressing constituent emphasis

205

(4)

1.11.2.2. Elements which may be emphasized

209

(2)

1.11.3. The focus of yes-no questions

211

(1)

1.12. Topic and thematic marking

212

(6)

1.12.1. Topic marking

212

(3)

1.12.2. Thematic marking

215

(3)

1.13. Heavy shift

218

(1)

1.14. Other movement processes

218

(1)

1.15. Minor sentence types

218

(2)

1.16. Operational definitions for word classes

220

(3)

1.16.1. Noun

220

(1)

1.16.2. Pronoun

220

(1)

1.16.3. Verb

221

(1)

1.16.4. Nominal modifier

221

(1)

1.16.5. Preposition

221

(1)

1.16.6. Numeral/quantifier

221

(1)

1.16.7. Verbal modifiers

221

(1)

1.16.8. Inflectional clitics

222

(1)

1.16.9. Particles

222

(1)

1.16.10. INFL morphemes

222

(1)

1.16.11. Operator words

222

(1)

1.16.12. Ideophones

222

(1)

2. MORPHOLOGY

223

(172)

2.1. Inflection

223

(132)

2.1.1. Noun inflection

223

(80)

2.1.1.1. Means by which the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases are expressed

223

(2)

2.1.1.2. Means for expressing syntactic functions

225

(4)

2.1.1.3. Syntactic functions in relation to nonfinite forms

229

(1)

2.1.1.4. Means of expressing nonlocal semantic functions

229

(23)

2.1.1.5. Local semantic functions

252

(33)

2.1.1.6. Locations in time

285

(5)

2.1.1.7. Double case marking

290

(1)

2.1.1.8. Number marking system

290

(4)

2.1.1.9. Division of nouns into classes

294

(7)

2.1.1.10. Marking of definiteness in noun phrases

301

(1)

2.1.1.11-12. Marking of indefiniteness in noun phrases

302

(1)

2.1.1.13. Marking of genericness in noun phrases

302

(1)

2.1.1.14. Distinguishing of more important noun actors from less important ones

303

(1)

2.1.2. Pronouns

303

(9)

2.1.2.1. Emphatic pronouns

303

(2)

2.1.2.2. Demonstrative pronouns

305

(2)

2.1.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns used as personal pronouns

307

(4)

2.1.2.4. Reflexive, reciprocal and possessive pronouns

311

(1)

2.1.2.5. Interrogative pronouns and other question words

311

(1)

2.1.2.6. Relative pronouns

311

(1)

2.1.3. Verbal morphology

312

(29)

2.1.3.1. Voice

312

(6)

2.1.3.2. Tense

318

(5)

2.1.3.3. Aspect

323

(3)

2.1.3.4. Mood

326

(2)

2.1.3.5. Nonfinite forms

328

(1)

2.1.3.6. Person, number, tense/mood, gender, human-nonhuman

329

(12)

2.1.4. Nominal modification

341

(6)

2.1.4.1. Distinctions between predicative and attributive forms of modification

342

(2)

2.1.4.2. Distinction between absolute and contingent state

344

(1)

2.1.4.3. Agreement between modification and nouns

344

(1)

2.1.4.4. Comparison

345

(1)

2.1.4.5. Degrees of quality

346

(1)

2.1.4.6. Verbal categories with predicative modification

347

(1)

2.1.5. Prepositions

347

(1)

2.1.6. Numerals and quantifiers

347

(4)

2.1.6.1. Forms of numerals used in counting

347

(1)

2.1.6.2. Distinct cardinal numeral forms used as attributes

347

(2)

2.1.6.3. Distinct numerals for counting different kinds of objects

349

(1)

2.1.6.4. Ordinal numerals

349

(1)

2.1.6.5. Other derivatives of numerals

349

(1)

2.1.6.6. Quantifiers

349

(2)

2.1.7. Verbal modification

351

(1)

2.1.8. Clitics and particles

351

(4)

2.1.8.1. Types of clitics

351

(2)

2.1.8.2. Positions occupied by clitics

353

(2)

2.1.8.3. Relative order of clitics

355

(1)

2.1.8.4. Combinations of particles

355

(1)

2.2. Derivational morphology

355

(40)

2.2.1. Introduction

355

(1)

2.2.2. Zero-derivation

356

(23)

2.2.2.1. Verbs

356

(10)

2.2.2.2. Nouns

366

(13)

2.2.2.3. Zero-derivation of operator words

379

(1)

2.2.3. Compounding

379

(9)

2.2.3.1. Verbs

379

(8)

2.2.3.2. Nouns

387

(1)

2.2.4. Reduplication

388

(4)

2.2.4.1. Reduplication of verbs

388

(2)

2.2.4.2. Reduplication of nouns

390

(2)

2.2.5. /?/-derivation

392

(1)

2.2.6. Derivation from verbal inflectional clitics

393

(2)

3. PHONOLOGY

395

(32)

3.1. Phonological units (segments)

395

(15)

3.1.1. Distinctive segments

395

(1)

3.1.2. Description of distinctive segments

395

(15)

3.1.2.1. Nonsyllabics

395

(8)

3.1.2.2. Syllabics

403

(7)

3.1.2.3. Borrowings

410

(1)

3.1.2.4. Restrictions in word classes

410

(1)

3.2. Phonotactics

410

(6)

3.2.1. Distribution of single consonants

410

(1)

3.2.1.1. Word-final consonants

410

(1)

3.2.1.2. Word-initial consonants

410

(1)

3.2.2. Distribution of consonant clusters

410

(1)

3.2.2.1. Word-initial consonant clusters

410

(1)

3.2.2.2. Word-final consonant clusters

410

(1)

3.2.2.3. Word-medial consonant clusters

411

(1)

3.2.3. Distribution of vowels

411

(1)

3.2.3.1. Word-final vowels

411

(1)

3.2.3.2. Word-initial vowels

411

(1)

3.2.3.3. Sequences of (syllabic) vowels

411

(1)

3.2.4. Differences between structure of lexical morphemes and words

411

(1)

3.2.5. Syllabification

412

(1)

3.2.5.1. Assignment of medial units and clusters to syllables

412

(1)

3.2.5.2. Canonical syllable type

412

(1)

3.2.6. Sequences of segments

412

(4)

3.2.6.1. Consonant-vowel sequences

412

(1)

3.2.6.2. Vowel-consonant sequences

413

(1)

3.2.6.3. Restrictions of co-occurrence of segments

413

(1)

3.2.6.4. Vowel harmony

413

(2)

3.2.6.5. Consonant harmony

415

(1)

3.2.6.6. Restrictions between adjacent or nonadjacent units or clusters

415

(1)

3.2.6.7. Differences between phonotactic patterns with different word classes

415

(1)

3.3. Suprasegmentals

416

(3)

3.3.1. Length

416

(1)

3.3.2. Stress

416

(2)

3.3.2.1. Role of stress in the language

416

(1)

3.3.2.2. Phonetic correlates of stress

417

(1)

3.3.2.3. Levels of stress

417

(1)

3.3.2.4. Position of stress

417

(1)

3.3.3. Pitch

418

(1)

3.3.4. Intonation

418

(1)

3.3.4.1-2. Normal intonation patterns

418

(1)

3.3.4.3. Contrastive and emphatic intonation

419

(1)

3.4. Morphophonology (segmental)

419

(7)

3.4.1. Articulatory alterations

419

(3)

3.4.1.1. Assimilatory processes

419

(1)

3.4.1.2. Dissimilatory processes

420

(1)

3.4.1.3. Alternations between segments

421

(1)

3.4.2. Metathesis processes

422

(1)

3.4.3. Coalescence and split

423

(1)

3.4.4. Asyllabification

424

(1)

3.4.5. Deletion processes

424

(1)

3.4.6. Insertion processes

425

(1)

3.4.7. Reduplication processes

425

(1)

3.5. Morphophonology (suprasegmental)

426

(1)

4. IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS

427

(7)

4.1. Ideophones

427

(6)

4.2. Interjections

433

(1)

5. LEXICON

434

(26)

5.1. Structured semantic fields

434

(18)

5.1.1. Kinship terminology

434

(11)

5.1.1.1-2. Sanguineal relationships

436

(7)

5.1.1.3. Relationships by marriage

443

(2)

5.1.1.4. Relationships by adoption

445

(1)

5.1.2. Colour terminology

445

(1)

5.1.3. Body parts

446

(3)

5.1.4. Cooking terminology

449

(1)

5.1.4.1. Cooking methods

449

(1)

5.1.4.2. Cooking implements

449

(1)

5.1.4.3. Typical dishes

450

(1)

5.1.5. Artefact terminology

450

(1)

5.1.5.1. Woven artefacts

450

(1)

5.1.5.2. Hunting/warring artefacts

451

(1)

5.1.5.3. Festive artefacts

451

(1)

5.1.6. Agriculture terminology

451

(1)

5.1.6.1. Crops grown in the area

451

(1)

5.1.6.2. Agricultural activities

452

(1)

5.1.7. Weather terminology

452

(1)

5.2. Basic vocabulary

452

(8)

6. TEXTS

460

(53)

6.1. Wirin - the origin of corn

460

(22)

6.2. How a man becomes a shaman

482

(31)

References

513

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Wari

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials