Working Memory in Sentence Comprehension:

Advancing the understanding of human parsing processes, this book is a landmark in cross-linguistic research, presenting a challenging set of sentence processing facts that will impact future theories.

List of Tables

xi

List of Figures

xvii

List of Algorithms

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

Preface

xxvii

Introduction

3

(30)

Self-center embeddings and sentence processing

4

(5)

Self-center embeddings in Hindi

9

(15)

Some syntactic properties of self-center embeddings

9

(1)

Semantics/pragmatics: Differential Object Marking in Hindi

10

(14)

Case-marked objects are specific, but conversationally implicate definiteness

24

(2)

Bare singular NPs really are indefinites

26

(7)

Dayal's arguments against treating bare singular NPs as indefinites

27

(1)

Alternative explanations for the Hindi facts

28

(5)

Three models of sentence processing

33

(22)

Hawkins' Early Immediate Constituents (1994, 1998)

33

(7)

Gibson's Dependency Locality Theory (2000)

40

(3)

Lewis' Retrieval Interference Theory

43

(12)

Retrieval Interference Theory, 2001 (RIT-01)

43

(6)

Retrieval Interference Theory, 2002 (RIT-02)

49

(6)

The effect of identical case marking

55

(48)

Experiment 1

56

(4)

Method and Procedure

56

(3)

Results

59

(1)

Discussion

59

(1)

Experiment 2

60

(15)

Method

61

(3)

Results

64

(9)

Discussion

73

(2)

Experiment 3

75

(28)

Method

78

(2)

Results: The effect of definite -ko with no other ko-marked NPs present

80

(4)

Results: The effect of definite -ko with a non-adjacent ko-marked indirect object present

84

(4)

Results: The effect of adjacent se-marked NPs versus non-adjacent ko-marked NPs

88

(3)

Results: The effect of multiple se-marking

91

(3)

Results: The effect of adjaceny on positional similarity

94

(3)

Results: The effect of adjacent, dative case-marked NPs

97

(3)

Discussion

100

(3)

Distance effects or similarity-based interference?

103

(44)

Experiment 4

106

(3)

Method

106

(1)

Results

107

(1)

Discussion

108

(1)

Experiment 5: Indirect-object fronting

109

(20)

Method

111

(1)

Results: The effect of definiteness marking (canonical word order)

112

(4)

Results: The effect of definiteness marking (fronted indirect objects)

116

(4)

Results: The effect of increasing distance between a verb and its arguments (bare direct object)

120

(3)

Results: The effect of increasing distance between a verb and its arguments (definite-marked direct object)

123

(3)

Discussion

126

(3)

Experiment 6: Direct-object fronting

129

(18)

Method

129

(1)

Results: The effect of definiteness marking (canonical order)

130

(5)

Results: The effect of definiteness marking (direct object fronted)

135

(4)

Results: The effect of direct-object fronting (bare direct object)

139

(2)

Results: The effect of direct-object fronting (definite-marked direct object)

141

(2)

Discussion

143

(4)

Increasing distance can facilitate processing

147

(12)

Method

148

(1)

Subjects

148

(1)

Materials and Procedure

148

(1)

Results: Adverb insertion in single embeddings

149

(3)

Results: Adverb insertion in double embeddings

152

(2)

Discussion

154

(5)

Word length, position, and reading time

159

(28)

Hindi orthography

160

(2)

Does word length affect reading time in Hindi?

162

(8)

Computing word length for Hindi

162

(1)

Reading time and word length -- results from Experiment 2

163

(6)

Correcting for word length

169

(1)

Does position affect reading time?

170

(17)

Concluding remarks, and a new sentence processing model

187

(38)

Multiple constraints in language processing: A summing up

187

(5)

A model of sentence processing based on abductive inference

192

(28)

The underlying competence grammar G

193

(1)

The set H of hypothesis formers

194

(2)

Some definitions

196

(3)

The algorithm

199

(2)

The complexity metric

201

(4)

Computational properties of the abductive parser

205

(2)

Empirical coverage of AIM

207

(12)

The connection between the abduction-based model and the complexity metric; and integrating AIM, DLT, and RIT

219

(1)

Some shortcomings of the present model

220

(5)

A Stimuli

225

(18)

Experiment 1

226

(2)

Experiment 2

228

(2)

Experiment 3

230

(6)

Experiment 4

236

(1)

Experiments 5 and 6

237

(2)

Experiment 7

239

(4)

Index

243

(4)

References

247

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Working Memory in Sentence Comprehension: Processing Hindi Center Embeddings

Summary

Table of Contents

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