World Economy Trade and Finance

, by Yarbrough, Beth V.; Yarbrough, Robert M.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780030261862 | 0030261864
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/24/1999

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The connection between international economics and your daily life is greater than you might think. THE WORLD ECONOMY: TRADE AND FINANCE is the most accurate, balanced, and user-friendly textbook available. And, at the end of every chapter you'll see at least three examples of how economic issues are impacting your life as a student and a citizen. Whether you need a great grade in the class or an economics textbook you'll use again and again, make THE WORLD ECONOMY: TRADE AND FINANCE your choice to help you succeed.

Introduction to the World Economy

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Why Study International Economics?

(1)

What Do We Mean by International Interdependence?

(13)

Policy Implications of International Interdependence

(2)

Sympotoms of International Interdependence

(6)

The Economic Significance of Political Boundaries

(1)

Studying International Economics

(6)

PART ONE: INTERNATIONAL MICROECONOMICS

(444)

Comparative Advantage I: Labor Productivity and the Ricardian Model

(40)

Introduction

(1)

Early Thinking About Trade: The Mercantilists

(1)

The Birth of Economics and the Decline of Mercantilism

(1)

Keeping Things Simple: Some Assumptions

(1)

The Ricardian World without Trade

(6)

Production in Autarky

(2)

Consumption in Autarky

(3)

Equilibrium in Autarky

(1)

The Ricardian World with Trade

(11)

Adam Smith and Absolute Advantage

(1)

David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage

(3)

International Equilibrium with Trade

(5)

The Gains from Trade: Exchange and Specialization

(2)

Gains from Exchange

(2)

Gains from Specialization

(1)

Using Demand and Supply in Autarky

(17)

Demand and Supply in Autarky

(2)

Demand and Supply with Trade

(2)

Case One: Can the Ricardian Model Really Explain Trade?

(2)

Case Two: Does Labor Productivity Really Vary?

(2)

Case Three: Do Countries Really Specialize Their Production?

(6)

Appendix: What Can the World Produce? The World Production Possibilities Frontier

(3)

Comparative Advantage II: Factor Endowments and the Neoclassical Model

(40)

Introduction

(1)

The Neoclassical World without Trade

(9)

Production in Autarky

(1)

Production Functions and Isoquants

(3)

The Capital-Labor Ratio

(3)

Equilibrium in Autarky

(2)

The Neoclassical World with Trade

(4)

Productive Specialization

(2)

International Equilibrium with Trade

(2)

More Sources of Comparative Advantage

(26)

The Role of Factor Endowments

(1)

Factor Abundance

(1)

The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem

(2)

The Role of Tastes

(1)

Case One: Do Autarky and Trade Matter? The Two Koreas

(2)

Case Two: Trade in Chicken Feet? It's All a Matter of Taste

(2)

Case Three: Can Trade Cross Ideological Lines? China-South Korea

(1)

Case Four: Can Heckscher-Ohlin Explain China's Trade?

(7)

Appendix A: The Edgeworth Box

(5)

Appendix B: Offer Curves

100

(5)

Trade, Distribution, and Welfare

105

(36)

Introduction

105

(1)

Partial-- and General--Equilibrium Analysis

105

(1)

How Do Output Prices Affect Factor Prices? The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem

106

(4)

How Do Factor Prices Vary Across Countries? The Factor Price Equalization Theorem

110

(8)

An Alternate View of Factor Price Equalization

114

(1)

Why Don't We Observe Factor Price Equalization?

114

(4)

What If Factors Are Immobile in the Short Run? The Specific Factors Model

118

(7)

Reasons for Short-Run Factor Immobility

118

(1)

Effects of Short-Run Factor Immobility

119

(3)

Trade with an Industry-Specific Factor

122

(3)

Trade and Welfare: Gainers, Losers, and Compensation

125

(16)

Potential Versus Actual Utility

125

(1)

Comparing Utility: The Pareto Criterion

126

(1)

Comparing Utility: The Compensation Criterion

127

(1)

Adjustment Costs and Compensation in Practice: Trade Adjustment Assistance

127

(2)

Case One: Trade and Wages I: Asia

129

(1)

Case Two: Trade and Wages II: The United States

130

(3)

Case Three: Deja Vu: Learning from Economic History

133

(1)

Case Four: Adjusting to the NAFTA

133

(8)

Beyond Comparative Advantage: Empirical Evidence and New Trade Theories

141

(46)

Introduction

141

(1)

Questions to be Answered

141

(1)

How Do We Know If a Theory About Trade is Correct?

142

(1)

Testing the Hecksher-Ohlin Model

143

(4)

Hurdles to Empirical Testing

143

(1)

The Leontief Tests

144

(1)

Fine-Tuning the Hecksher-Ohlin Model

145

(1)

The Role of Tastes

145

(1)

Classification of Inputs

146

(1)

Technology, Productivity, and Specialization

146

(1)

Intra-Industry Trade

147

(4)

What Is It, and How Big Is It?

147

(1)

Intra-Industry Trade in Homogenous Goods

148

(2)

Intra-Industry Trade in Differentiated Goods

150

(1)

Why Does It Matter?

151

(1)

Trade with Economies of Scale

151

(11)

Internal Economies of Scale

155

(2)

External Economies of Scale

157

(3)

Dynamic External Economies

160

(1)

The Scope of Economies and Learning

161

(1)

Technology-Based Theories of Trade: The Product Cyle

162

(2)

Overlapping Demands as a Basis for Trade

164

(3)

Transporting Costs as a Determinant of Trade

167

(3)

Location of Industry

170

(17)

Case One: Conducting Semiconductor Trade

171

(5)

Case Two: ``Getting a Joke'' As a Source of Comparative Advantage

176

(1)

Case Three: Around the World in Twenty-Two Days

177

(2)

Case Four: Global Sourcing in the Apparel Industry

179

(1)

Case Five: Multinationals and Intra-Firm Trade

180

(7)

Tariffs

187

(40)

Introduction

187

(1)

Why Would a Country Impose a Tariff?

188

(1)

Types of Tariffs and Ways to Measure Them

189

(3)

What Happens When a Small Country Imposes and Import Tariff?

192

(6)

Effects on Production, Consumption, and Price

192

(1)

Effects on Welfare

193

(1)

Consumer Surplus

193

(1)

Producer Surplus

194

(1)

A Tariff's Effect on Consumer and Producer Surplus

195

(2)

A Tariff's Net Welfare Effects

197

(1)

Estimating the Effects of High U. S. Tariffs

197

(1)

What Happens When a Large Country Imposes an Import Tariff?

198

(4)

Effects on Production, Consumpution, and Price

199

(3)

Optimal Tariffs and the Threat of Retaliation

202

(1)

How Does a Tariff Affect Factor Prices? Specific Factors and Stolper-Samuelson

202

(1)

Tariffs and Economies of Scale

203

(1)

The Effective Rate of Protection

203

(3)

Off-Shore Assembly Provisions

206

(1)

Taxing Exports

207

(20)

An Export Tax Imposed by a Small Country

207

(2)

An Export Tax Imposed by a Large Country

209

(2)

Case One: Is G. I. Joe a Doll?

211

(1)

Case Two: Tariffs Under a Free Trade Agreement

212

(1)

Case Three: China, Tariffs, and the WTO

213

(1)

Case Four: Is It ``Tax'' or a ``Fee''?

214

(6)

Appendix A: Offer Curves and Tariffs

220

(4)

Appendix B: General-Equilibrium Tariff Effects in a Small Country

224

(3)

Nontariff Barriers and the New Protectionism

227

(42)

Introduction

227

(1)

Quotas

228

(3)

Voluntary Export Restraints

231

(1)

Comparison of Tariffs and Quotas

232

(3)

Export Subsidies and Countervailing Duties

235

(8)

The Importing-Country View

236

(2)

The Exporting-Country View

238

(1)

Scenario 1: What If a Single Exporting Country Subsidizes?

239

(1)

Scenario 2: What If All Exporting Countries Subsidize?

239

(1)

The Controversy over Export Subsidies

239

(4)

Dumping

243

(7)

Sporadic Dumping

243

(1)

Persistent Dumping

244

(3)

Predatory Dumping

247

(1)

Policy Responses to Dumping

247

(3)

Voluntary Import Expansions

250

(1)

Administrative and Technical Standards

251

(6)

Domestic-Content Requirements and Rules of Origin

251

(3)

Government Procurement Policies

254

(2)

Technical, Administrative, and Regulatory Standards

256

(1)

How Can We Measure Nontariff Barriers?

257

(12)

Case One: Has Trade Policy Gone Bananas?

259

(2)

Case Two: Operation Q-Tip

261

(2)

Case Three: Photo of a Trade Dispute: Kodak Versus Fuji

263

(6)

Arguments for Restricting Trade

269

(44)

Introduction

269

(1)

Categories of Arguments for Trade Restrictions

269

(1)

What About ``Infant'' Industries?

270

(5)

What If Markets Are Not Competitive?

275

(11)

The Optimal Tariff: Monopoly in a World Market

275

(1)

Protection and Monopolized Industry

276

(1)

Price and Opportunity Cost for a Monopolist

276

(1)

Trade with a Monopolized Industry in Both Countries

277

(2)

Trade with a Monopolized Industry in One Country

279

(2)

Tariffs and Quotas with Monopoly

281

(1)

Strategic Trade Policy

282

(1)

Profit-Shifting Strategic Trade Policy

282

(2)

The Learning Curve and Strategic Trade Policy

284

(1)

Problems and Precautions

284

(2)

What If There Are Externalities?

286

(7)

Production Externalities

286

(3)

Consumption Externalities

289

(2)

International Trade and the Environment

291

(2)

Shouldn't the ``Playing Field'' Be Level?

293

(1)

How Can We Compete with Low-Wage Countries?

294

(1)

How Do We Handle National Security and Defense?

295

(1)

Aren't Goods and Money Better Than Just Goods?

296

(1)

Can We Threaten Other Countries Into Trade Liberalization?

297

(16)

Case One: Playing Games in the Aircraft Industry

300

(4)

Case Two: No, The Other Type of Dumping

304

(1)

Case Three: Spawning a Trade Dispute

305

(1)

Case Four: MITI Miracles?

306

(1)

Case Five: The Boston-Burma (Dis)connection

307

(6)

The Political Economy of Trade Policy and Borders

313

(44)

Introduction

313

(1)

The Political Economy of National Trade Policy

314

(2)

How Did We Get Here? A Brief History of International Trade Policy

316

(11)

Before Smith, Ricardo, and Hume: `The Doctrine of Mercantilism

316

(1)

Britain and the Rise of the United States

317

(2)

The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934

319

(1)

Post-Second World War Trade Policy

320

(2)

Trade Policy in the 1960s and 1970s

322

(1)

The Trade Expansion Act and the Kennedy Round

322

(1)

The Trade Act of 1974, The Tokyo Round, and the 1979 Trade Agreements Act

323

(1)

Trade Policy in the 1980s and 1990s

324

(1)

The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984

324

(1)

The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act and the Uruguay Round Agreements Act

325

(2)

Economic Integration and Regional Trading

327

(16)

Stages of Integration

327

(3)

Trade Creation and Trade Diversion: Integration and Welfare

330

(3)

Additional Considerations

333

(1)

Efforts at Integration: Success and Failure

334

(2)

The European Union

336

(3)

The North-American Free-Trade Agreement

339

(2)

Mercosur

341

(2)

Interregional Trade

343

(14)

The Factor of Factor Mobility

343

(1)

The Role of Economic Policy

344

(1)

Case One: NAFTA Traffic Jams

345

(2)

Case Two: Do Political Boundaries Really Matter?

347

(2)

Case Three: Life Before the NAFTA

349

(8)

Growth, Immigration, and Multinationals

357

(54)

Introductions

357

(1)

Economic Growth I: More Inputs

358

(11)

More Labor and Capital

361

(3)

Just More Labor

364

(3)

Just More Capital

367

(1)

An Extreme Case: Immiserizing Growth

367

(2)

Economic Growth II: More Productivity

369

(4)

Types of Technical Progress

369

(1)

How Does Increased Productivity Affect Welfare?

370

(3)

What If Factors Can Move?

373

(38)

Inter-Country Labor Mobility

375

(1)

Incentives for Migration

375

(2)

Labor Migration's Effects

377

(1)

Opposition to Immigration Policies

377

(2)

Theory, Evidence, and Politics: An Important Caveat

379

(1)

Immigration Policy

380

(1)

An International Issue

381

(1)

Labor Mobility without Immigration?

382

(1)

Inter-Country Capital Mobility

382

(1)

Recent Patterns in International Capital Mobility

383

(4)

Incentives for International Capital Movements

387

(2)

Capital Mobility's Effects

389

(1)

Taxation and Factor Mobility

390

(4)

Multinational Enterprises and the World Economy

394

(1)

Definition

394

(1)

Why Go Multinational?

395

(2)

Substitute For or Complement of Trade?

397

(1)

MNE's Effects

398

(2)

Government Policies toward MNEs

400

(1)

Case One: Growth Myths and Miracles

401

(2)

Case Two: A Touring Stone Gathers No Taxes

403

(1)

Case Three: Saving, Investment, and Intertemporal Trade

403

(8)

Development, Transition, and Trade

411

(56)

Introduction

411

(1)

Defining Development

412

(6)

Development Issues

418

(2)

Agriculture, Industry, or Both?

420

(6)

Views on Development, Circa 1950--1965

420

(1)

Import Substitution

421

(1)

As the World Learns: Changing Views on Development

422

(1)

The Failure of Import Substitution

422

(2)

Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Countries

424

(1)

Outward-Oriented Development

425

(1)

Lessons

426

(1)

North-South Issues

426

(20)

Agricultural Policy

426

(5)

Technology, Intellectual Property, and Development

431

(1)

Technology Transfer and Appropriateness

431

(1)

Intellectual Property

432

(1)

Debts for Development

433

(1)

Defining and Measuring External Debt

434

(3)

General Rules of Debt

437

(1)

What Went Wrong in the 1980s?

438

(2)

Legacy of a Crisis: Is It Over, and What Did We Learn?

440

(5)

Economic Development and the Environment

445

(1)

Developing Markets: Economies in Transition

446

(21)

International Trade and Central Planning

447

(2)

The Painful Transition from Central Planning

449

(2)

The Reform Agenda and Prospects

451

(5)

Case One: Success and Failure in Agriculture

456

(2)

Case Two: Location, Location, Location

458

(1)

Case Three: Open to Development

459

(1)

Case Four: Reproducing Pharmaceuticals

460

(1)

Case Five: Turnaround in Africa?

461

(6)

PART TWO: INTERNATIONAL MACROECONOMICS

467

(466)

Currency Markets and Exchange Rates

469

(48)

Introduction

469

(1)

Exchange Rates and Prices

469

(3)

What Do Prices Tell Us?

469

(1)

How Can We Compare Prices in Different Currencies?

470

(2)

Foreign Exchange Markets

472

(9)

What Are They?

472

(4)

What Types of Transaction Happen in Foreign Exchange Markets?

476

(1)

Clearing

476

(1)

Arbitrage

477

(2)

Hedging

479

(1)

Speculation

479

(1)

Buying Currency Now for Delivery Later

480

(1)

Interest Parity

481

(8)

Uncovered Interest Parity

481

(5)

Covered Interest Parity

486

(2)

Does Interest Parity Hold?

488

(1)

Demand and Supply in the Foreign Exchange Market

489

(5)

The Demand for Foreign Exchange

490

(2)

The Supply of Foreign Exchange

492

(2)

How Are Exchange Rates Determined under a Flexible Rate Regime?

494

(2)

How are Exchange Rates Determined under a Fixed Rate Regime?

496

(4)

The Effective Exchange Rate

500

(1)

Offshore Currency Markets

500

(17)

Case One: Multinationals and Foreign Exchange

503

(4)

Case Two: When Is a Positive Return Negative?

507

(1)

Case Three: Russia Enters the World of Foreign Exchange Trading

508

(2)

Case Four: Herstatt Risk

510

(1)

Case Five: Shopping Made Easier

510

(7)

The Balance-of-Payments Accounts

517

(40)

Introduction

517

(2)

What's in the Balance-of-Payments Accounts?

519

(14)

What Goes in the Current Account?

522

(1)

Merchandise Trade

523

(1)

Services

523

(1)

Investment Income

524

(1)

Unilateral Transfer

524

(1)

Current-Account Balance

524

(1)

The Current Account and Individual Transactions: An Analogy

525

(1)

What Goes in the Capital Account

526

(2)

What Goes in the Official Settlements Balance

528

(4)

How Double-Entry Bookkeeping Works: Some Illustrative Transactions

532

(1)

What Are Balance-of-Payments Surpluses and Deficits?

533

(2)

What's the Connection? The Balance-of-Payments and the Foreign Exchange Market

535

(22)

The Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange Markets, and a Flexible Exchange Rate

537

(4)

The Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange Markets, and a Fixed Exchange Rate

541

(4)

Case One: The U.S.--China Trade Deficit: $10 Billion or $40 Billion

545

(1)

Case Two: The United States as a Debtor

546

(2)

Case Three: U.S. Foreign Exchange Intervention

548

(9)

The Market for Goods and Services in an Open Economy

557

(36)

Introduction

557

(1)

How Do We Measure a Country's Output?

558

(2)

What Determines Output and Income in an Open Economy?

560

(7)

How Does International Trade Affect the Market for Goods and Services?

567

(4)

A Note on Terminology

570

(1)

What Causes Changes in the Market for Goods and Services?

571

(9)

Fiscal Policy and the Spending Multiplier

571

(2)

Relative Prices of Domestic and Foreign Goods: The Real Exchange Rate

573

(3)

A Caveat: J-Curve Effects

576

(2)

Interest Rates

578

(1)

Summary of Effects on Income and the Current Account

578

(2)

Interdependence: Protectionsim, Income, and the Current Account

580

(1)

The ``Twin Deficits''

580

(2)

A Concise Graphical Summary: The IS Curve

582

(11)

Case One: Catching the Asian Flu Through Trade

584

(2)

Case Two: The Peso and Mexico--U.S. Trade

586

(2)

Case Three: The Macroeconomics of German Unification

588

(5)

Money, the Banking System, and Foreign Exchange

593

(58)

Introduction

593

(1)

Money

594

(19)

What Is Money?

594

(2)

The Demand for Money

596

(2)

Where Does Money Come From, and What Determine How Much There Is?

598

(1)

The Central-Bank Balance Sheet

599

(2)

The Commercial Bank Balance Sheet

601

(1)

Changing the Money Stock by Buying or Selling Government Bonds

602

(3)

Changing the Money Stock by Buying or Selling Foreign Exchange

605

(1)

Summing Up

605

(1)

Money Market Equilibrium

606

(3)

A Concise Graphical Summary: The LM Curve

609

(2)

Money in Open Versus Closed Economies

611

(2)

Banking Crises

613

(12)

How Important Are Banking Problems?

613

(1)

What Does It Mean for a Bank to be ``Unsound''?

614

(1)

What Are Some of the Main Recipes for Banking-System Problems?

615

(1)

A Run on an Individual Bank

615

(1)

Economy-Wide Bank Runs

616

(1)

Bank Loans

616

(1)

Declines in Value of Non-Loan Assets

617

(1)

Corruption and Political Favors

617

(3)

Foreign-Exchange Problems

620

(1)

Why Do Banking Problems Tend to Spread?

621

(2)

Why Do Banks Matter So Much?

623

(2)

Foreign Exchange

625

(8)

Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market, Again

626

(3)

Another Concise Graphical Summary: The BOP Curve

629

(1)

Two Special Cases: Capital Mobility and the BOP Curve

630

(3)

Bringing It All Together

633

(1)

How a Flexible Exchange Rate Regime Works

634

(3)

How a Fixed Rate Regime Works

637

(14)

Fixed Exchange Rates and the Nominal Money Stock

637

(3)

The Money Stock and Automatic Adjustment

640

(3)

Case One: Where the Banking Centers Are

643

(2)

Case Two: Where the Foreign Exchange Reserves Art

645

(1)

Case Three: There the Lending Was, But Isn't

646

(5)

Short-Run Macroeconomic Policy Under Fixed Exchange Rates

651

(52)

Introduction

651

(1)

Macroeconomic Goals in an Open Economy

652

(5)

Internal and External Balance

652

(4)

Targets and Instruments

656

(1)

Macroeconomic Policy with Immobile Capital

657

(9)

Fiscal Policy

660

(1)

Monetary Policy

661

(1)

Sterilization

662

(2)

Exchange Rate Policy with Immobile Capital

664

(1)

Summary of Policy Effects with Immobile Capital

665

(1)

Macroeconomic Policy with Perfectly Mobile Capital

666

(12)

Fiscal Policy

668

(2)

Monetary Policy

670

(1)

Sterilization, One Again

670

(5)

Exachange Rate Policy

675

(1)

Changes in Exchange Rate Expectations

675

(2)

Summary of Policy Effects with Perfectly Mobile Capital

677

(1)

Macroeconomic Policy with Imperfectly Mobile Capital

678

(3)

Fiscal Policy

679

(1)

Monetary Policy

680

(1)

Exchange Rate Policy

680

(1)

A Special Case: The Reserve Country

681

(22)

Case One: More on German Unification

684

(2)

Case Two: Betting Against the Baht

686

(2)

Case Three: Pesos and Tequila

688

(2)

Case Four: Does Intervention Work?

690

(1)

Case Five: The Two Faces of Capital Flows

691

(4)

Case Six: Paying the Bills

695

(8)

Short-Run Macroeconomic Policy Under Flexible Exchange Rates

703

(36)

Introduction

703

(3)

Macroeconomic Policy with Immobile Capital

706

(4)

Fiscal Policy

706

(2)

Monetary Policy

708

(1)

Summary of Policy Effects with Immobile Capital

709

(1)

Macroeconomic Policy with Perfectly Mobile Capital

710

(7)

Fiscal Policy

710

(1)

Policy Expected to Be Temporary

711

(1)

Policy Expected to Be Permanent

712

(1)

Monetary Policy

713

(1)

Policy Expected to Be Temporary

714

(1)

Policy Expected to Be Permanent

715

(1)

Summary of Policy Effects with Perfectly Mobile Capital

716

(1)

Macroeconomic Policy with Imperfectly Mobile Capital

717

(3)

Fiscal Policy

717

(2)

Monetary Policy

719

(1)

The Policy Mix

720

(6)

Example of Policy Mixes

720

(2)

Responding to Disturbances

722

(2)

Constraints on the Policy Mix

724

(1)

Transmission and the Policy Mix

725

(1)

Summary of Short-Run Policy Effectiveness under a Flexible Exchange Rate

726

(13)

Case One: Japan in the 1990s

727

(2)

Case Two: The Trend Toward Flexible Exchange Rates

729

(1)

Case Three: Floating the Pound, Part I

730

(2)

Case Four: The Budget and the Dollar

732

(7)

The Exchange Rate in the Long-Run Equilibrium

739

(44)

Introduction

739

(1)

Money in Long-Run Equilibrium

740

(4)

How Does Money Affect Real Output?

740

(1)

How Does Money Affect the Interest Rate?

740

(1)

How Does Money Affect the Price Level?

741

(3)

How Does Money Affect the Exchange Rate?

744

(1)

Summary: How Does Money Affect the Economy in Long-Run Equilibrium

744

(1)

Purchasing Power Parity

744

(11)

The Law of One Price

746

(1)

Going Form the Law of One Price to PPP

747

(1)

Absolute and Relative PPP

748

(1)

How Can PPP Not Hold?

749

(1)

Does PPP Hold?

750

(2)

Cautionary Notes on PPP

752

(3)

The Monetary Approach to the Exchange Rate

755

(9)

History and Intuition Behind the Monetary Approach

755

(1)

A Simple Monetary Model of the Exchange Rate

756

(1)

What Does the Monetary Approach to the Exchange Rate Tell Us?

757

(2)

PPP and Long-Run Interest Parity with Inflation

759

(2)

Real and Nominal Rates of Return

761

(1)

Interest and Exchange Rates in the Monetary Approach

762

(1)

What's Missing From the Monetary Approach?

762

(2)

The Real Exchange Rate

764

(3)

Changes in the Real Exchange Rate

764

(1)

What Can Cause Changes in the Real Exchange Rate?

765

(2)

Long-Run Equilibrium Exchange Rates

767

(2)

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World Economy Trade and Finance

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials