World's History: Combined Volume

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ISBN: 9780131773189 | 0131773186
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2010

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KEY BENEFIT: A true exploration of world history, this book links chronology, themes, and geography in eight units, or parts of study, each emphasizes a single themeorigins, cities, empires, religion, trade, migrations, revolutions, and technology.KEY TOPICS: As in the first two editions, this book focuses throughout on three major questionsWhat do we know? How do we know it? What difference does it make?but the organization has changed, giving each feature a clearer place. Rich in primary sourcesboth written and visualand in data and interpretation, it addresseshowhistorians form, debate, and revise our historical understanding of the world, shows the value of other disciplines in understanding history, and helps readers begin to assess their own place in the ongoing history of the world.MARKET: A great resource for the professional historian.

Preface

I-1

Introduction: The World Through Historians' Eyes

1-7

(1)

Part 1 Human Origins and Human Cultures

5 million B.C.E.-1 0,000 B.C.E.

Building an Interpretive Framework: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?

(38)

1 THE DRY BONES SPEAK

5 million B.C.E.-10,000 B.C.E.

(38)

HUMAN ORIGINS IN MYTH AND HISTORY

(1)

Early Myths

(1)

The Evolutionary Explanation

(1)

The New Challenges

(1)

FOSSILS AND FOSSIL HUNTERS

(1)

The Puzzling Neanderthals

(1)

Homo erectus: A Worldwide Wanderer

(1)

The Search Shifts to Africa

(1)

Homo habilis

(1)

Australopithecus afarensis

(1)

The Debate over African Origins

(1)

Reading the Genetic Record

(1)

The Theory of Scientific Revolution

(1)

HUMANS CREATE CULTURE

(1)

Biological Evolution and Cultural Creativity

(1)

How Do We Know? Dating Archaeological Finds

(1)

How Did We Survive?

(1)

Global Migration

(1)

Increased Population and New Settlements

(1)

How Do We Know? Man the Hunter or Woman the Gatherer?

(1)

Changes in the Toolkit

(1)

Language and Communication

(1)

Cave Art and Portable Art

(1)

Agriculture: From Hunter-gatherer to Farmer

(1)

THE STORY OF PREHISTORY: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

(1)

TURNING POINT: THE AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE

(4)

Part 2 Settling Down

10,000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

The First Cities and Why They Matter: Digs, Texts, and Interpretations

(82)

2 FROM VILLAGE COMMUNITY TO CITY-STATE

10,000 B.C.E.-750 B.C.E

Food First: The Agricultural Village

(1)

The Agricultural Village

(2)

THE FIRST CITIES

(2)

SUMER: THE BIRTH OF THE CITY

(1)

THE GROWTH OF THE CITY-STATE

(1)

Religion: The Priesthood and the City

(1)

Occupational Specialization and Class Structure

(1)

Arts and Invention

(1)

Trade and Markets: Wheeled Cart and Sailboat

(1)

Monumental Architecture and Adornment

(1)

Writing

(1)

How Do We Know? Decoding Sumerian Writing

(1)

Achievements in Literature and Law

(1)

SOURCE: The Epic of Gilgamesh

(1)

SOURCE: The Code of Hammurabi

(1)

How Do We Know? Some Modern Critiques of Early Urbanization

(1)

THE FIRST CITIES: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

(4)

3 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

7000 B.C.E.-750 B.C.E.

The Nile and the Indus

(1)

EGYPT: THE GIFT OF THE NILE

(1)

Earliest Egypt: Before the Kings

(1)

The Written Record

(1)

UNIFICATION AND THE RULE OF THE KINGS

(1)

The Gods, The Unification of Egypt, and the Afterlife

(1)

How Do We Know? Written Texts and Archaeological Excavations

(1)

Cities of the Dead

(1)

The Growth of Cities

(1)

Monumental Architecture of the Old Kingdom: Pyramids and Fortresses

(1)

The Disintegration of the Old Kingdom

(1)

SOURCE: The Egyptian Book of the Dead and the "Negative Confession"

(1)

The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom

(1)

AKHETATEN, CAPITAL CITY OF KING AKHENATEN

(1)

THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION AND ITS MYSTERIES

(1)

The Roots of the Indus Valley Civilization

(1)

The Design and Construction of Well-planned Cities

(1)

Crafts and the Arts

(1)

Carefully Planned Cities

(1)

Questions of Interpretation

(1)

Legacies of the Harappan Civilization

(1)

How Do We Know? The Decline of Harappan Civilization

(1)

THE CITIES OF THE NILE AND THE INDUS: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

(5)

4 A POLYCENTRIC WORLD

1700 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

Cities and States in East Asia, The Americas, and West Africa

(1)

CHINA: THE XIA, SHANG, AND ZHOE DYNASTIES

(1)

The Earliest Villages

(1)

The Beginnings of State Formation

(1)

Early Evidence of Writing

(1)

Historical Evidence of the Xia Dynasty

(1)

How Do We Know? Ancient China

(1)

Similarities Among the Three Dynasties

(1)

City and State under the Shang and Zhou

(1)

SOURCE: The Cosmo-Magical City

(1)

Early Royal Capitals

(1)

Anyang: The Last Shang Capital

(1)

The Zhou Dynasty

(1)

THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: MESOAMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA

(1)

Origins: Migration and Agriculture

(1)

Mesoamerican Urbanization: The First Stages

(1)

Olmec Civilization along the Gulf Coast

100

(1)

Zapotec Civilization in the Oaxaca Valley

100

(1)

The Urban Explosion: Teotihuacan

101

(1)

Successor States in the Valley of Mexico

103

(1)

The Rise and Fall of the Maya

103

(1)

The Great City of Tikal

103

(1)

SOURCE: The Popol Vuh

105

(1)

Maya Civilization in Decline

105

(1)

How Do We Know?Great-Jaguar-Paw: Mayan King of Tikal

106

(1)

Urbanization in South America

106

(1)

How Do We Know? The Mysteries of Maya Writing

107

(1)

Coastal Settlements and Networks

107

(1)

The Moche

108

(1)

The Chimu

108

(1)

Urbanization in the Andes Mountains

109

(1)

The Chavin

109

(1)

The Tiwanaku, Huari, and Nazca

109

(1)

The Inca

110

(1)

Agricultural Towns in North America

110

(1)

WEST AFRICA: THE NIGER RIVER VALLEY

111

(1)

West Africa before Urbanization

112

(1)

Jenne-jeno: A New Urban Pattern?

113

(1)

State Formation?

114

(1)

THE FIRST CITIES: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

115

(3)

TURNING POINT: FROM CITY-STATE TO EMPIRE

118

(4)

Part 3 Empire and Imperialism

2000 B.C.E.-1100 C.E.

What are Empires and Why are they Important?

122

(146)

5 DAWN OF THE EMPIRES

2000 B.C.E.-300 B.C.E.

Empire-building in North Africa, West Asia, and the Mediterranean

125

(1)

THE MEANING OF EMPIRE

125

(2)

THE EARLIEST EMPIRES

127

(1)

Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent

127

(1)

Sargon of Akkad

127

(1)

Waves of Invaders: The Babylonians and the Hittites

128

(1)

The Assyrians

129

(1)

Egypt and International Conquest

131

(1)

The Art of Palace and Temple

132

(1)

The End of Empire

133

(1)

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

134

(1)

Persian Expansion

134

(1)

Imperial Policies

136

(1)

Cyrus II

136

(1)

Cambyses II

137

(1)

Darius I

137

(1)

Symbols of Power

138

(1)

THE GREEK CITY-STATES

139

(1)

Early City-States of the Aegean

139

(1)

The Minoans

139

(1)

How Do We Know? Discovering Troy and Mycenae

139

(1)

The Myceneans

141

(1)

THE GREEK POLIS: IMAGE AND REALITY

141

(1)

Source: Homer and the Value System of Early Greece

142

(1)

Athens and the Development of Democracy

143

(1)

War with Persia

146

(1)

Athens: from City-State to Mini-Empire

147

(1)

The Golden Age of Athenian Culture

148

(1)

Historians

148

(1)

Philosophers

149

(1)

Dramatists

149

(1)

SOURCE: Socrates on the Rights of the State over the Individual

150

(1)

The Limits of City-State Democracy

150

(1)

The Peloponnesian War

153

(1)

SOURCE: Pericles' Funeral Oration

153

(1)

THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

154

(1)

The Conquests of Philip

154

(1)

The Reign of Alexander the Great

155

(1)

How Do We Know? Evaluating Alexander the Great

157

(1)

The Legacy of Alexander: The Hellenistic Ecumene

157

(2)

EMPIRE-BUILDING: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

159

(591)

6 ROME AND THE BARBARIANS

750

B.C.E.-500 C.E.

The Rise and Fall of Empire

163

(1)

FROM HILL TOWN TO EMPIRE

163

(1)

The Founding of the Roman Republic

163

(1)

The Conquest of Italy

165

(1)

The Conquest of Carthage and the Western Mediterranean

165

(1)

Subsequent Expansion

167

(1)

SOURCE: Artifactual Records

169

(1)

Institutions of Empire

170

(1)

Patrons and Clients

170

(1)

How Do We Know? Contemporary Historians Evaluate the History of Rome

171

(1)

The Roman Family

172

(1)

Class and Class Conflict

172

(1)

The Struggle of the Orders

173

(1)

Urban Splendor and Squalor

173

(1)

Attempts at Reform

174

(1)

"Bread and Circuses"

175

(1)

Slaves and Slave Revolts

175

(1)

Military Power

176

(1)

Generals in Politics

178

(1)

SOURCE: The Legacy and Epitaph of August Caesar

180

(1)

The End of the Republic

181

(1)

How Do We Know? Roman Law: Theory and Practice

182

(1)

Economic Policies of the Empire

182

(1)

Supplying Rome

184

(1)

Building Cities

184

(1)

Luxury Trades

184

(1)

Cultural Policies of the Empire

187

(1)

Greco-Roman Culture

187

(1)

Stoicism

188

(1)

Religion in the Empire

189

(1)

Christianity Triumphant

191

(1)

THE BARBARIANS AND THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

191

(1)

Invaders at the Gates

191

(1)

How Do We Know? The "Barbarians": Chinese Sources

194

(1)

The Decline and Dismemberment of the Roman Empire

194

(1)

The Crisis of the Third Century

195

(1)

The Fragmentation of Authority

195

(1)

Causes of the Decline and Fall

196

(1)

The Empire in the East

198

(1)

Resurgence under Justinian

198

(1)

Religious Struggles

198

(1)

A Millennium of Byzantine Strength

200

(1)

THE LEGACY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

200

(5)

7 CHINA

200 B.C.E.-900 C.E.

Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties

205

(1)

THE QIN DYNASTY

205

(1)

Military Power and Mobilization

205

(1)

Economic Power

207

(1)

Administrative Power

207

(1)

Competing Ideologies of Empire

208

(1)

Confucianism

208

(1)

SOURCE: Confucius and The Analects

210

(1)

Legalism

211

(1)

Daoism

211

(1)

The Struggle between Legalism and Confucianism

213

(1)

The Mandate of Heaven

214

(1)

The Fall of the Qin Dynasty

214

(1)

THE HAN DYNASTY

215

(1)

A Confucian Bureaucracy

215

(1)

SOURCE: Treatises about Women in Han Society

216

(1)

Military Power and Diplomacy

216

(1)

How Do We Know? The Grand Historians

217

(1)

Population and Migration

218

(1)

Economic Power

219

(1)

Fluctuations in Administrative Power

220

(1)

An Interregnum

220

(1)

A Weakened Han Dynasty

221

(1)

Peasant Revolt and the Fall of the Han

221

(1)

DISINTEGRATION AND REUNIFICATION

222

(1)

Ecology and Culture

222

(1)

Buddhism Reaches China

223

(1)

Reunification under the Sui and Tang Dynasties

224

(1)

The Short-lived Sui Dynasty

224

(1)

Arts and Technology under the Tang Dynasty

225

(1)

How Do We Know? Poetry as a Source for History

229

(1)

IMPERIAL CHINA

229

(1)

The West and Northwest

230

(1)

The South and Southwest

230

(1)

Vietnam

230

(1)

Korea

231

(1)

Japan

232

(1)

Immigration and Cultural Influences

232

(2)

LEGACIES FOR THE FUTURE: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

234

(7)

8 INDIAN EMPIRES

1500 B.C.E.-1100 C.E.

Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent

241

(1)

NEW ARRIVALS IN SOUTH ASIA

241

(1)

The Spread of Aryan Settlement

242

(1)

Written Texts

242

(1)

The Vedas

242

(1)

How Do We Know? Pottery and Philology

242

(1)

The Mahabharata and the Ramayana

243

(1)

The Establishment of States

246

(1)

THE EMPIRES OF INDIA

247

(1)

The Maurya Empire

247

(1)

Government under the Maurya Dynasty

247

(1)

SouRCE: Asoka, India's Buddhist Emperor

249

(1)

Asoka, India's Buddh'st Emperor

250

(1)

Successor States Divide the Empire

250

(1)

The Gupta Empire

251

(1)

A Golden Age of Learning

252

(1)

The Resurgence of Hinduism

253

(1)

INVASIONS END THE AGE OF EMPIRES

254

(1)

The Hunas and their Legacy

254

(1)

Regional Diversity and Power

255

(1)

SOURCE: Tamil Culture in Southeast India

256

(1)

How Do We Know? Coins and Excavations

257

(1)

Sea Trade and Cultural Influence: From Rome to Southeast Asia

257

(1)

Southeast Asia: "Greater India"

257

(2)

INDIA, CHINA, AND ROME: EMPIRES AND INTERMEDIATE INSTITUTIONS

259

(1)

Sources

260

(1)

Administration

260

(1)

International Relations

260

(1)

Invasion of the Hunas

260

(1)

Local Institutions and the State

261

(1)

INDIAN EMPIRES: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

261

(3)

TURNING POINT: POLITICS AND RELIGION

264

(4)

Part 4 The Rise of World Religions

2500 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.

Not by Bread Alone: Religion in World History

268

(120)

9 HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM

1500 B.C.E.-1200 C.E.

The Sacred Subcontinent: The Spread of Religion in India and Beyond

271

(1)

EXAMINING RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

271

(2)

HINDUISM

273

(1)

The Origins of Hinduism

273

(1)

Sacred Geography and Pilgrimage

274

(1)

The Central Beliefs of Hinduism

275

(1)

The Rigveda

275

(1)

Caste

275

(1)

The Brahamanas and Upanishads

278

(1)

The Great Epics

279

(1)

SOURCE The Bhagavad-Giza from the Mahabharata

281

(1)

The Puranas

281

(1)

Temples and Shrines

282

(1)

Religion and Rule

283

(1)

Hinduism in Southeast Asia

284

(1)

How Do We Know? Hinduism in Southeast Asia

285

(1)

BUDDHISM

285

(1)

The Origins of Buddhism

286

(1)

The Life of the Buddha

286

(1)

SOURCE The Address to Sigala: Buddhism in Everyday Life

287

(1)

The Sangha

287

(1)

The Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism

288

(1)

The Decline of Buddhism in India

290

(1)

Jainism

292

(1)

Buddhism in China

293

(1)

Arrival in China: The Silk Route

293

(1)

Relations with Daoism and Confucianism

294

(1)

Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty

294

(1)

SOURCE The Transience of Life: A Woman's Perspective from the Tang Dynasty

295

(1)

Buddhism's Decline in China

296

(1)

Buddhism in Japan

297

(1)

Buddhism's Arrival in Japan

297

(1)

Buddhism's Role in Unifying Japan

298

(1)

Japanese Buddhism Develops New Forms

299

(1)

Lasting Buddhist Elements in Japanese Society

301

(1)

COMPARING HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM

301

(1)

HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

302

(5)

10 JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY

1700 B.C.E.-1100 C.E.

Peoples of the Bible: God's Evolution in West Asia and Europe

307

(2)

JUDAISM

309

(1)

The Sacred Scriptures

309

(1)

Essential Beliefs of Judaism in Early Scriptures

311

(1)

SOURCE: The Ten Commandments

312

(1)

The Later Books of Jewish Scripture

312

(1)

Rule by Judges and by Kings

313

(1)

The Teachings of the Prophets: Morality and Hope

314

(1)

The Evolution of the Image of God

315

(1)

Patriarchy and Gender Relations

317

(1)

Defeat, Exile, and Redefinition

317

(1)

Minority-Majority Relations in the Diaspora

319

(2)

CHRISTIANITY

321

(1)

Christianity Emerges from Judaism

321

(1)

How Do We Know? The Search for the Historical Jesus

323

(1)

Jesus' Life, Teachings, and Disciples

324

(1)

Adapting Rituals to New Purposes

324

(1)

Overturning the Old Order

324

(1)

SOURCE: The Beatitudes from the Sermon on the Mount

324

(1)

Jesus and the Jewish Establishment

325

(1)

Miracles and Resurrection

325

(1)

The Growth of the Early Church

325

(1)

Paul Organizes the Early Church

326

(1)

The Christian Calendar

327

(1)

Gender Relations

327

(1)

From Persecution to Triumph

328

(1)

The Conversion of Constantine

329

(1)

How Had Christianity Succeeded?

329

(1)

How Do We Know? Explanations for the Spread of Christianity

330

(1)

Doctrine: Definition and Dispute

331

(1)

Battles over Dogma

332

(1)

CHRISTIANITY IN THE WAKE OF EMPIRE

332

(1)

The Conversion of the Barbarians

333

(1)

Decentralized Power and Monastic Life

333

(1)

The Church Divides into East and West

335

(1)

The Split between Rome and Constantinople

335

(1)

New Areas Adopt Orthodox Christianity

336

(1)

Christianity in Western Europe

336

(1)

The Pope Allies with the Franks

338

(1)

SOURCE Charlemagne and Harun-al-Rashid

339

(1)

Charlemagne Revives the Idea of Empire

339

(1)

The Attempt at Empire Fails

341

(1)

EARLY CHRISTIANITY: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

341

(4)

11 ISLAM

570 c.E.-1500 C.E.

Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World

345

(1)

THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM

345

(1)

The Prophet: His Life and Teaching

346

(1)

The Five Pillars of Islam

347

(1)

Responses to Muhammad

349

(1)

How Do We Know? Sources on Early Islam

350

(1)

The Hijra and the Islamic Calendar

350

(1)

Muhammad Extends his Authority

351

(1)

Connections to Other Monotheistic Faiths

351

(1)

How Do We Know? Gender Relations in Islam

352

(2)

SUCCESSORS TO THE PROPHET

354

(1)

Civil War: Religious Conflict and the Sunni-Shi'a Division

355

(1)

The Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire

357

(1)

The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs

359

(1)

The Weakening of the Caliphate

359

(1)

The Emergence of Quasi-independent States

359

(1)

Seljuk Turks and their Sultanate

360

(1)

The Mongols and the Destruction of the Caliphate

361

(1)

SPIRITUAL, RELIGIOUS, AND CULTURAL FLOWERING

362

(1)

Islam Reaches New Peoples

363

(1)

India

363

(1)

Southeast Asia

365

(1)

Sub-Saharan Africa

365

(1)

Law Provides an Institutional Foundation

367

(1)

Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism

368

(1)

The Role of Mysticism

368

(1)

SOURCE: AI-Ghazzali, "the Renewer of Islam"

369

(1)

Intellectual Achievements

370

(1)

History

370

(1)

Philosophy

371

(1)

Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine

372

(1)

The Extension of Technology

372

(1)

City Design and Architecture

373

(3)

RELATIONS WITH NON-MUSLIMS

376

(1)

Dhimmi Status

376

(1)

The Crusades

376

(1)

A Golden Age in Spain

378

(1)

How Do We Know? Conversion and Assimilation

379

(1)

JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

380

(5)

TURNING POINT: RELIGION TO TRADE

385

(3)

Part 5 The Movement of Goods and Peoples

1000-1776

Channels of Communication: The Exchange of Commodities, Diseases, and Culture

388

(130)

12 ESTABLISHING WORLD TRADE ROUTES

1000-1500

The Geography and Philosophies of Early

Economic Systems

391

(1)

WORLD TRADE: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

391

(2)

TRADE NETWORKS

393

(1)

TRADE IN THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1500

394

(1)

Trade in the Inca Empire

394

(1)

Trade in Central America and Mexico

396

(1)

TRADE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

397

(1)

West Africa

397

(1)

East Africa

399

(1)

MUSLIM AND JEWISH TRADERS

400

(1)

Jewish Traders

400

(1)

Muslim Traders

401

(1)

How Do We Know? The Records in the Cairo Genizah

402

(1)

ASIA'S COMPLEX TRADE PATTERNS

402

(1)

The Polynesians of the South Pacific

402

(1)

Malay Sailors in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean

403

(1)

Sailors and Merchants of the Indian Ocean

404

(1)

SOURCE: The Arabian Nights

407

(1)

China

408

(1)

International Trade

408

(1)

SOURCE: Chinese Ships in South Indian Harbors: An Account by Ibn Battuta

410

(1)

Internal Trade

411

(1)

SOURCE: River Trade in China

413

(1)

THE MONGOLS

414

(1)

The "Pax Mongolica"

414

(1)

How Do We Know? The Mongol Empire

415

(1)

Chinggis Khan

417

(1)

The End of the Mongol Empire

419

(1)

Plague and the Trade Routes

419

(1)

From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition

420

(1)

LEGACIES TO THE PRESENT: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

421

(4)

13 EUROPEAN VISIONS

1100-1776

Economic Growth, Religion and Renaissance, Global Connections

425

(1)

THE ATLANTIC

425

(1)

THE DECLINE OF TRADE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

426

(4)

TRADE AND SOC:IAI. CHANGE IN EUROPE

430

(1)

Guilds and City-states Confront Rural Aristocrats

430

(1)

Economic and Social Conflict within the City

430

(1)

How Do We Know? Fernand Braudel Begins the Historical Study of Oceans

431

(1)

New Directions in Philosophy and Learning

433

(1)

How Do We Know? Islamic Influences on the European Renaissance

435

(1)

Disasters of the Fourteenth Century: Famine, Plague, and War

436

(1)

SOURCE: Giovanni Boccaccio Describes the Plague

437

(1)

Social Unrest Follows the Plague

437

(1)

THE RENAISSANCE

438

(1)

New Artistic Styles

438

(1)

Developments in Technology

440

(1)

The Church Revises its Economic Policies

441

(1)

A NEW WORLD

442

(1)

SOURCE: The Journal of Columbus' First Voyage to the Americas

446

(1)

OCEANIA

447

(1)

LEGACIES TO THE FUTURE: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

447

(4)

14 THE UNIFICATION OF WORLD TRADE

1500-1776

New Philosophies for New Trade Patterns

451

(1)

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE AND THE BIRTH OF CAPITALISM

451

(1)

THE EMPIRES OE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

452

(1)

Spain's New World Conquests

452

(1)

SOURCE: Adam Smith on Capitalism

453

(1)

Making the Conquests Pay

457

(1)

Merchant Profits

458

(1)

Warfare and Bankruptcy

458

(1)

Portugal's Empire

458

(1)

Portugal in Africa

459

(1)

Portugal in Brazil

460

(1)

Portugal in the Indian Ocean

461

(1)

Evaluating the Spanish and Portuguese Empires

461

(1)

TRADE AND RELIGION IN WESTERN EUROPE: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION AND THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION

462

(1)

The Reformation

462

(1)

The Catholic Reformation (the Counter-Reformation)

464

(1)

How Do We Know? Weber and Tawney on Religion and Capitalism

465

(1)

The Dutch Republic, France, and England

466

(1)

Spanish Defeats

466

(1)

The Dutch Republic: Seaborne Merchant Enterprise

466

(1)

SOURCE: National Joint Stock Companies: Instruments of Trade and Colonization

468

(1)

France and Britain

469

(1)

France: Consolidating the Nation

469

(1)

Britain: Establishing Commercial Supremacy

471

(1)

THE NATION-STATE

472

(1)

RUSSIA'S EMPIRE UNDER PETER THE GREAT

473

(3)

DIVERSE CULTURES, DIVERSE TRADE SYSTEMS

476

(1)

Ottomans and Mughals

476

(1)

Ming and Qing Dynasties in China

477

(1)

How Do We Know? How Europe Surpassed China

Economically and Militarily

479

(1)

Tokugawa Japan

480

(1)

Southeast Asia

480

(1)

THE INFLUENCE OF WORLD TRADE: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

481

(4)

15 MIGRATION

1300-1750

Demographic Changes in a New Global Ecumene

485

(1)

THE "NEW EUROPES"

486

(1)

The Columbian Exchanges of Plants, Animals, and Disease

487

(1)

The Devastation of the Amerindian Population

487

(1)

Benefits of the Columbian Exchanges

487

(1)

North America

487

(1)

The Antipodes: Australia and New Zealand, 1600-1900

490

(1)

SOURCE: Captain Cook Encounters the Aboriginals of Australia

491

(1)

South Africa, 1652-1902

494

(1)

SLAVERY': ENFORCED MIGRATION, 1500-1750

494

(1)

Reinterpreting the Slave Trade

497

(1)

How Do We Know? How Many Slaves?

498

(1)

ASIAN MIGRATIONS, 1300-1750

499

(1)

The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700

500

(1)

India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707

502

(1)

Akbar, Emperor of India

502

(1)

Safavid Persia, 1400-1700

505

(1)

China: The Ming and Manchu Dynasties, 1368-1750

507

(1)

GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH AND MOVEMENT

508

(1)

CITIES AND DEMOGRAPHICS

508

(1)

Delhi/Shahjahanabad

509

(1)

Isfahan

510

(1)

SOURCE: Ibn Khaldun on Urban Life in the Fourteenth Century

510

(1)

Constantinople (Istanbul)

511

(1)

London

512

(1)

MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHY: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

513

(3)

TURNING POINT: AN ALBUM OF COMPARISONS

516

(2)

Part 6 Social Change

1640-1914

Western Revolutions and their Influence

518

(128)

16 POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS

1649-1830

The Birth of Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment

521

(1)

POLITICAL REVOLUTION

521

(2)

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

523

(1)

Philosophical Rationales

523

(1)

Hobbes and the "State of Nature"

524

(1)

Locke and the Enlightenment

524

(1)

A Theory of Government by Property Owners

524

(1)

Intellectual Revolutions in Science and Philosophy

526

(5)

ENGLAND'S GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, 1688

531

(1)

SOURCE: Universal Suffrage vs. Property Rights

532

(1)

The Bill of Rights, 1689

532

(1)

The Reality of Government by Male Property Owners

533

(1)

THE PHILOSOPHES AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

533

(3)

REVOLUTION IN NORTH AMERICA, 1776

536

(1)

The Constitution and the Bill of Rights, 1789

537

(1)

The First Anti-imperial Revolution

538

(1)

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789-1812

539

(1)

The Origins of Revolution

540

(1)

The Revolt of the Third Estate

540

(1)

The Revolt of the Poor

541

(1)

International War, The "Second" Revolution, and the Terror, 1791-99

542

(1)

SOURCE: Olympe de Gouges, "The Rights of Women"

543

(1)

How Do We Know? The Historiography of the French Revolution

544

(1)

Napoleon in Power, 1799-1812

545

(1)

The Napoleonic Wars and the Spread of Revolution, 1799-1812

546

(1)

HAITI: St AVE REVOLUTION AND THE OVERTHROW OF COLONIALISM, 1791-1804

547

(1)

The Slave Revolt

548

(1)

The Anti-imperial Revolt

548

(1)

THE ABOLITION OE SI.AVFRY AND THE SLAVE TRADE

548

(1)

How Do We Know? Abolition: Historians Debate the Causes

549

(1)

THE END OF COLONI.AI ISM IN LATIN AMERICA: INDEPENDENCE AND DISILLUSIONMENT, 1810-30

550

(1)

Independence Movements

550

(1)

After Independence

551

(1)

Simon Bolivar and the Challenge of Unification

551

(1)

Mexico

553

(1)

Brazil

553

(1)

Paraguay: The New Historiography

554

(1)

Religious and Economic Issues

555

(1)

SOURCE: An Epic Verse History of Latin America

555

(1)

POIOLITICAL REVOLUTIONS: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

556

(5)

17 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1700-1914

A Global Process

561

(1)

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: WHAT WAS ITS SIGNIFICANCE?

561

(2)

BRITAIN, 1700-1860

563

(1)

A Revolution in Agriculture

563

(1)

A Revolution in Textile Manufacture

565

(1)

Capital Goods: Iron, Steam Engines, Railways, and Steamships

567

(1)

How Do We Know? Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Britain?

569

(1)

SOURCE: Conflicting Images of Early Industrial Life: The English Romantic Poets

570

(1)

THE SECOND STAGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1860-1914

571

(1)

New Products and New Nations

571

(1)

Steel and Chemical Industries

571

(1)

Electricity

571

(1)

Factory Production

572

(1)

Warfare and Industrialization

572

(1)

The Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution Worldwide

573

(1)

SOCIAL CHANGES: THE CONDITIONS OF WORKING; PEOPLE:

574

(1)

Demographic Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution

574

(1)

Winners and Losers in the Industrial Revolution

575

(1)

Gender Relationships and the Industrial Revolution

576

(3)

POLITICAL REACTION IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE, 1800-1914

579

(1)

Political, Economic, and Social Reform in Britain

579

(1)

Labor Organization

581

(1)

Karl Marx and Theories of Worker Revolution

581

(1)

Germany, 1870-1914

584

(1)

The United States, 1870-1914

584

(1)

France, 1870-1914

585

(1)

Labor in the Non-industrialized World

586

(1)

SOURCE: Tariffs, Wealth, and Poverty: Reflections on America and India by Pandita Ramabai

587

(1)

NEW PATTERNS OF URBAN LIFE

588

(1)

SOURCE: Diverse Perspectives

588

(1)

How Do We Know? Quantifying the Conditions of Industrial Urbanization

591

(1)

Urban Planning: The Middle Ground of Optimists and Pessimists

592

(1)

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

593

(4)

18 NATIONALISM, IMPERIALISM, AND RESISTANCE

1650-1914

Competition among Industrial Powers

597

(1)

NATIONALISM

597

(1)

The French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and Nationalism

597

(1)

The Periphery of Western Europe

599

(1)

Italy and Germany

600

(1)

How Do We Know? What is Nationalism?

603

(1)

The Rise of Zionism in Europe

604

(1)

THE QUEST FOR EMPIRE

604

(1)

The Ottoman Empire: The "Sick Man of Europe," 1829-76

608

(1)

Southeast Asia and Indonesia, 1795-1880

609

(1)

India, 1858-1914

610

(1)

SOURCE: "The Attack of King Industry"

612

(1)

China, 1800-1914

613

(1)

The Opium Wars, 1839-42 and 1856-60

614

(1)

The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900

617

(1)

AFRICA, 1652-1912

617

(1)

South Africa, 1652-1910

618

(1)

Egypt, 1798-1882

620

(1)

Algeria, 1830-71

621

(1)

Islamic Religious Revival

622

(1)

A Western Orientation in West Africa

624

(1)

European Explorers and the Scramble for Africa

625

(1)

How Do We Know? Why did Europeans Colonize the World?

626

(1)

Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization

628

(1)

GENDER RELATIONSHIP IN COLONIZATION

629

(1)

ANTI-COLONIAL REVOLTS, 1857-1914

630

(1)

JAPAN: FROM ISOLATION TO EQUALITY, 1867-1914

631

(1)

The End of the Shogunate

632

(1)

Policies of the Meiji Government

633

(1)

Restructuring Government

634

(1)

SOURCE: Fukuzawa Yukichi: Cultural Interpreter

634

(1)

Restructuring the Economy

635

(1)

Urbanization

635

(1)

Cultural and Educational Change

636

(1)

Gender Relations

638

(1)

War, Colonialism, and Equality in the Family of Nations

638

(1)

NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

639

(5)

TURNING POINT: THE OLYMPICS AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

644

(2)

Part 7 Exploding Technologies

1914-91

Contested Visions of a New International Order

646

(158)

19 METHODS OF MASS PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION

1914-37

Technological Systems

649

(1)

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CREATIVITY

650

(3)

GENDER RELATIONS

653

(1)

URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION

654

(1)

THE DOWNSIDE OF PROGRESS

654

(1)

Militarized Competition among the Great Powers

654

(1)

OUTSIDE EUROPE

655

(1)

India

655

(1)

China

656

(1)

Latin America

658

(1)

The Mexican Revolution, 1910-20

659

(1)

The Ottoman Empire

661

(2)

WORLD WAR I, 1914-18

663

(1)

How Do We Know? War Experiences Subvert Colonialism

666

(1)

Post-war Expectations and Results

667

(1)

The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919

669

(1)

The League of Nations

670

(2)

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

672

(1)

The Build-up to Revolution, 1914-17

672

(1)

Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution

673

(1)

State Planning in Soviet Russia

675

(1)

Women in the Soviet Union

677

(1)

POST-WAR AMERICA

678

(1)

The Depression

680

(1)

SOURCE: How Should We Live?

681

(1)

METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

682

(3)

20 WORLD WAR II AND THE COLD WAR

1937-49

The World in Peril

685

(1)

PORTENTS OF DISASTER

685

(1)

THE CONTEST OF THE "ISMS": FASCISM AND COMMUNISM

686

(1)

Italy

686

(1)

Germany

687

(1)

Japan

690

(2)

THE DESCENT TOWARD WORLD WAR

692

(1)

The Early Cost of War Technology

696

(1)

WORLD WAR II

696

(1)

The War in Europe, 1939-45

696

(1)

The War in the Pacific, 1937-42

699

(1)

Turning the Tide, 1942-5

701

(1)

War in Asia and the Pacific, 1942-5

703

(1)

Assessing the Results of the War

705

(1)

Technology in the War

705

(1)

Women and the War

706

(1)

SOURCE: Women as Spoils of War: Japan's Comfort Women

707

(1)

Horrors of the War

707

(1)

How Do We Know? The Milgram Experiment and the "Final Solution"

709

(1)

THE IMAGE OF HUMANITY

710

(1)

How Do We Know? The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb

712

(2)

THE UNITED NATIONS, POSTWAR RECOVERY, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

714

(1)

The United Nations

714

(1)

SOURCE: Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations

715

(1)

Resettlement

715

(1)

Political Reconstruction in Japan and Germany

716

(1)

Japan

717

(1)

Germany

718

(1)

Economic Reconstruction and the Cold War

719

(1)

ENTERING THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?

720

(5)

21 COLD WAR AND NEW NATIONS

1945-89

Remaking the Post-World War II World

725

(1)

THE COLD WAR, 1945-89: USA VS. USSR

725

(1)

The Korean War, 1950-53

728

(1)

The Soviet Union after Stalin

729

(1)

Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64

729

(1)

Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82

730

(1)

The American Military-Industrial Complex

731

(1)

The Cuban Missile Crisis

732

(1)

SOURCE: Guerrilla Warfare

734

(1)

THE COLD WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW NATIONS

734

(1)

Africa

737

(1)

Egypt

737

(1)

Congo

738

(1)

How Do We Know? Evaluating the Legacies of Colonialism

739

(1)

Algeria

740

(1)

Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea

741

(2)

THE EMERGENCE OF THE THIRD WORLD

743

(1)

Client States and Proxy Wars

745

(1)

Latin America

746

(1)

Nicaragua

747

(1)

Guatemala

748

(1)

Panama

748

(1)

Chile

749

(1)

Iran

749

(2)

TERRORISM

751

(1)

IN PURSUIT OF PEACE

751

(1)

The United Nations: Growth and New Missions

752

(1)

SOURCE: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

753

(1)

Demographics: Health, Migration, Urbanization, and the Green Revolution

754

(1)

Economic Growth

756

(1)

Western Europe

756

(1)

Japan

757

(1)

International Organization

759

(1)

How Do We Know? The Social Setting of Technology

760

(1)

NGOS AND TRANSNATIONALS

761

(2)

LEGACIES OF THE COLD WAR, DECOLONIZATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

763

(4)

22 CHINA AND INDIA

1914-91

Postwar Developments

767

(1)

CHINA, 1925-89

768

(1)

Prelude to Revolution

768

(1)

Power Struggles, 1925-37

769

(1)

Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang

769

(1)

Mao Zedong, Peasant Revolt, and the Communist Party

771

(1)

Peasant Organization and Guerrilla Warfare

772

(1)

Gender Issues under Mao

773

(1)

The Long March and the Communist Triumph, 1934-49

774

(1)

Revolutionary Policies, 1949-69

776

(1)

Implementing the Principles of the Long March, 1949-55

776

(1)

"Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom," 1956-7

777

(1)

How Do We Know? A Journalist-Activist Responds to The "Hundred Flowers" Campaign

778

(1)

The "Great Leap Forward," 1957-69

778

(1)

The Cultural Revolution, 1966-9

778

(1)

Recovery, 1970-76

779

(1)

International Relations

779

(1)

USSR

779

(1)

The United States

780

(1)

East Asia

781

(1)

India

781

(1)

Post-Revolutionary China

781

(1)

INDIA, 1914-91

782

(1)

The Independence Struggle, 1914-47

782

(1)

British Policies and Practices

782

(1)

Gandhi's Innovations and Courage

783

(1)

Gandhi Develops Satyagraha in South Africa

783

(1)

SOURCE: Gandhi's First Experience with Racism in South Africa

784

(1)

Gandhi Returns to India and Leads the Congress

785

(1)

Hindu-Muslim Unity

786

(1)

Abolition of Untouchability

786

(1)

Cultural Policies

787

(1)

Prohibition

787

(1)

Appropriate Technology

787

(1)

SOURCE: Gandhi and Labor Relations

788

(1)

Congress Campaigns for Independence, 1920-22, 1930-32, 1942

789

(1)

Independence, 1947

790

(1)

Pakistan

790

(1)

Kashmir

791

(1)

Bangladesh

791

(1)

Problems of the New Government of India

791

(1)

Unifying and Consolidating the Nation

791

(1)

Democracy and its Challenges

792

(1)

Gender Issues

793

(1)

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi

793

(1)

Legal Changes

794

(1)

Social Changes

794

(1)

Economic Changes

794

(1)

Economic and Technological Change after Independence

795

(1)

The Green Revolution

795

(1)

Land Redistribution

796

(1)

Family Planning, Life Expectancy, and the Condition of Children

796

(1)

Industrialization and its Consequences

796

(1)

How Do We Know? Technological Hazards and Questionable Accountability

797

(1)

International Relations

797

(1)

COMPARING CHINA AND INDIA: WHAT DIFFERENT DOES IT MAKE?

798

(4)

TURNING POINT: INTO A NEW CENTURY

802

(2)

Part 8 Evolving Identities

1979-present

804

(78)

23 NEW PUBLIC IDENTITIES

1979-present

807

(36)

POLITICAL IDENTITIES

807

(1)

The Soviet Union Dissolves

807

(1)

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-91

807

(1)

SOURCE: Gorbachev at the United Nations, December 7, 1988

810

(1)

Boris Yeltsin, 1991-9

811

(1)

Vladimir Putin, from 2000

812

(1)

European Identity

812

(1)

The USA as the Lone Superpower

812

(1)

SOURCE: Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda

815

(1)

RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES

816

(1)

Hinduism and Islam in South Asia

818

(1)

Confucianism

820

(1)

Judaism

821

(1)

Christianity

821

(1)

Evangelical Christianity

823

(1)

Religion in the United States

824

(1)

How Do We Know? Perspectives on Religious Identity in the United States

826

(1)

GLOBALIZATION: NEW ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IDENTITES

827

(1)

The Internet and the World Wide Web

828

(1)

How Do We Know? Evaluating Globalization

829

(1)

Disparities, Disruptions, and Crises: A Cautionary Tale from Asia

830

(1)

Opposition to Globalization

832

(1)

The Global Criminal Economy

833

(1)

Drugs

833

(1)

Smuggling of Illegal Immigrants

834

(1)

Trafficking in Women and Children

834

(1)

Trafficking in Body Parts

834

(1)

Money Laundering

834

(1)

Weapons Trafficking

835

(1)

Trafficking in Nuclear Materials

835

(1)

Medicine, Science, and Global Ecology

836

(2)

ECOLOGICAIL ISSUES

838

(1)

PUBLIC IDENTITIES: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO THEY MAKE?

839

(4)

24 REGIONAL IDENTITIES AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

843

(39)

EUROPE

843

(1)

Western and Central Europe

843

(1)

SOURCE: The Continuing Rationale for European Integration

845

(1)

Yugoslavia

846

(2)

AFRICA

848

(1)

South Africa

848

(1)

Rwanda and Congo

852

(1)

How Do We Know? South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission

853

(3)

LATIN AMERICA

856

(1)

Mexico

857

(1)

Brazil

860

(1)

CHINA AND INDIA

861

(1)

China after Mao: An Era of Reform

862

(1)

How Do We Know? The Force behind China's Economic Growth: Capitalism or Socialism?

863

(1)

India after Congress Dominance: A Quiet Revolution in Caste and Politics

867

(1)

The Mandal Commission

867

(1)

Markets, the IMF, and Capitalist Economics

870

(3)

ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: JEWS AND ARABS

873

(1)

SOURCE: The Geneva Accords: A Non-Governmental Plan for Peace

877

(5)

Glossary

882

(8)

Index

890

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World's History: Combined Volume

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials