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The World's Religions Worldviews and Contemporary Issues
, by Young, William A.- ISBN: 9780205675111 | 0205675115
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 7/31/2009


For courses in World Religions or Comparative Religions. This introduction to the world's religions provides an orientation to the study of religion; surveys the stages of development, worldviews, and current situations of the major world religions; and discusses the ways these religions respond to contemporary ethical issues. It also presents a sampling of new religious movements and looks to the possible ways the world's religions may interact in the 21st century. Its distinctive "framework for understanding" religious worldviews allows students to compare and contrast the teachings of religions objectively.
William Young is Professor of Religious Studies at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. In addition to The World’s Religions: Worldviews and Contemporary Ethical Issues (3rd edition, 2009) he is co-author (with Christian Hauer) of the widely-adopted textbook An Introduction to the Bible: A Journey into Three Worlds (Prentice Hall, 7th edition, 2008) and author of Quest for Harmony: Native American Spiritual Traditions (Hackett Press, 2006). During a thirty-five year teaching career, he has introduced generations of students to the world’s religions and taught a wide variety of special topic courses ranging from Religion and Politics to Spiritual Ecology: Religion and Nature.
| Preface | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| An Introduction to Religion and the Study of Religion | p. 2 |
| What Is Religion? | p. 2 |
| The Problem of Defining Religion | p. 2 |
| Adopting a Working Definition of Religion | p. 3 |
| Secular Religions? | p. 5 |
| Why Are People Religious? | p. 6 |
| Why So Many Religions? | p. 7 |
| Why Is the Study of Religion So Important in the Twenty-First Century? | p. 7 |
| What Is the Relationship Between Science and Religion? | p. 9 |
| How Might Religion Be Studied? | p. 10 |
| Evaluative Methods of Studying Religion | p. 10 |
| Descriptive Methods of Studying Religion | p. 11 |
| How Will We Study the World's Religions? | p. 12 |
| A Framework for Understanding and Comparing Religious Worldviews | p. 12 |
| Symbols, Myths, and Rituals | p. 14 |
| Looking Ahead: An overview of the Rest of the Text | p. 17 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 19 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 20 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 20 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 21 |
| The World's Religions-Histories and Worldviews | p. 23 |
| Indigenous Religions-Quest for Harmony | p. 24 |
| An Orientation to Indigenous Peoples and Their Religions | p. 24 |
| Problems in Studying Indigenous Religions | p. 24 |
| The Traditional Worldview of Indigenous Peoples | p. 26 |
| The Yoruba of West Africa | p. 31 |
| Introduction | p. 31 |
| Yoruba Religion: Harmony with the Orisa | p. 32 |
| The Oglala Lakota (Sioux) of the Great Plains of North America | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| A Brief History of the Oglala Lakota | p. 38 |
| Oglala Lakota Religion: The Way of the Sacred Pipe | p. 39 |
| The Continuing Impact of Indigenous Religions in the Twenty-First Century | p. 48 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 48 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 49 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 49 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 49 |
| Hinduism-Many Paths to the Summit | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| An Orientation to South and Southeast Asia | p. 54 |
| Lands and Peoples | p. 54 |
| A Brief History of India | p. 54 |
| The Traditional South Asian Worldview | p. 56 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 59 |
| The Problem with the Name "Hinduism" | p. 59 |
| Religion of the Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization | p. 59 |
| The Religion of the Vedas: The Rig-Veda and the Upanishads | p. 60 |
| Hindu Society: The Laws of Manu | p. 62 |
| The Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata | p. 64 |
| Devotional Literature and Movements: The Puranas | p. 66 |
| Philosophical Literature and Movements: The Yoga School and Advaita Vedanta | p. 70 |
| Hindu Reform Movements and Reformers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | p. 71 |
| Independent India | p. 73 |
| The Hindu Worldview | p. 74 |
| Humanity: An Eternal Soul (Atman) | p. 74 |
| Problem: Trapped by Karma | p. 74 |
| Cause: Desire and Ignorance | p. 74 |
| End: Liberation (Moksha) from the Cycle of Rebirth | p. 74 |
| Means: The Paths of Action, Devotion, and Knowledge | p. 75 |
| Reality: Penetrating the Veil of Maya | p. 79 |
| Sacred: Many Gods and Beyond the Gods | p. 79 |
| Hinduism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 79 |
| Hinduism as a Global Religion | p. 79 |
| Hindu Nationalism in India | p. 80 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 81 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 82 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 82 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 83 |
| Theravada Buddhism-The Middle Way | p. 84 |
| Introduction | p. 84 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 84 |
| Founder: Siddartha Gautama | p. 84 |
| Formation of the Order of Buddhist Monks and Nuns (Sangha) | p. 87 |
| The Spread of Buddhism Beyond India | p. 88 |
| The Pali Canon | p. 88 |
| The Three Major Branches of Buddhism | p. 88 |
| The Theravada Buddhist Worldview | p. 89 |
| Humanity: No Permanent Identity (Anatta) and Dependent Origination | p. 89 |
| Problem: The First Noble Truth-Life Is Suffering (Dukkha) | p. 90 |
| Cause: The Second Noble Truth-Suffering Is Caused by Craving (Tanha) | p. 91 |
| End: The Third Noble Truth-The Extinction of Craving (Nirvana) | p. 92 |
| Means: The Fourth Noble Truth-The Eightfold Path of the Middle Way | p. 94 |
| Reality: Impermanence (Anicca) | p. 97 |
| Sacred: Spiritual Atheism | p. 97 |
| Theravada Buddhism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 97 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 98 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 99 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 99 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 99 |
| Jainism-The Way of Noninjury | p. 101 |
| Introduction | p. 101 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 101 |
| Founder: Mahavira and the Tirthankaras | p. 101 |
| The Jain Community | p. 103 |
| Jain Texts: The Agamas | p. 103 |
| The Jain Worldview | p. 104 |
| Humanity: Eternal, Infinite Souls (Fivas) | p. 104 |
| Problem: Souls "Weighed Down" by Actions (Karma) | p. 104 |
| Cause: Activity | p. 104 |
| End: Becoming a Conqueror (Fina) and Well-Being | p. 105 |
| Means: Self-Denial and Noninjury (Abimsa) | p. 105 |
| Reality: A Dualism of Matter (Ajiva) and Spirit (Fiva) | p. 109 |
| Sacred: Spiritual Atheism | p. 110 |
| Jainism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 110 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 110 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 111 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 111 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 111 |
| Daoism-The Way of Nature | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| An Orientation to East Asia | p. 113 |
| Lands and Peoples | p. 113 |
| A Brief History of China | p. 114 |
| The East Asian Worldview and Indigenous Religions | p. 115 |
| Daoism: The Way of Nature | p. 119 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 120 |
| The Worldview of Daoist Philosophy | p. 124 |
| Daoism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 126 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 127 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 127 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 127 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 128 |
| Confucianism-The Way of Virtue | p. 129 |
| Introduction | p. 129 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 130 |
| Founder: Master Kong (Confucius) | p. 130 |
| The Analects and Other Texts | p. 131 |
| Formation of the Confucian School, and Confucianism as State Teaching | p. 131 |
| Neo-Confucianism | p. 132 |
| Is Confucianism a Religion? | p. 133 |
| The Decline of Confucianism | p. 133 |
| The Confucian Worldview | p. 133 |
| Humanity: Social Relationships and Microcosm | p. 133 |
| Problem: Social Chaos | p. 134 |
| Cause: A Breakdown of Virtue | p. 134 |
| End: Leaders of Character (Fun-zi) and the Harmonious Society | p. 134 |
| Means: The Virtuous Life | p. 134 |
| Reality: Life-Giving, Relational, Harmonious | p. 137 |
| Sacred: Making the Dao Great | p. 137 |
| Confucianism and Other Religions in the People's Republic of China | p. 137 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 139 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 139 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 139 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 140 |
| Mahayana Buddhism (The Great Vehicle) and Vajrayana Buddhism (The Thunderbolt Vehicle) | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| A Brief History of Korea and Japan | p. 141 |
| Korea | p. 141 |
| Japan | p. 142 |
| Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism in East Asia | p. 143 |
| The Spread of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism into East Asia | p. 143 |
| Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist Texts of India | p. 144 |
| Mahayana, Vajrayana, and Theravada Buddhism Contrasted | p. 145 |
| The "Three Bodies" of the Buddha | p. 145 |
| Bodhisattvas | p. 145 |
| Sunyata ("Emptiness") | p. 146 |
| Major Mahayana Schools in East Asia | p. 147 |
| Pure Land: The Devotional School | p. 147 |
| Zen: The Meditation School | p. 149 |
| Nichiren: The Political School | p. 152 |
| Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet | p. 154 |
| Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 157 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 158 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 158 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 158 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 158 |
| Shinto-The Way of the Kami | p. 160 |
| Introduction | p. 160 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 160 |
| The Origin and Meaning of "Shinto" | p. 160 |
| The Shinto Myth: Japan as the Land of the Kami | p. 161 |
| Popular Japanese Religion | p. 162 |
| Medieval Shinto: Theoretical Amalgamation with Buddhism | p. 162 |
| The Revival of Shinto | p. 163 |
| The Shinto Worldview | p. 165 |
| Humanity: The People of the Kami | p. 165 |
| Problem: Pollution | p. 165 |
| Cause: Lack of Reverence for the Kami | p. 166 |
| End: Purity and Harmony | p. 166 |
| Means: Shrines, Rituals, and Self-Cultivation | p. 166 |
| Reality: The Land of the Kami | p. 169 |
| Sacred: The Kami | p. 170 |
| Religion in Twenty-First-Century Japan and Korea | p. 170 |
| Japan | p. 170 |
| Korea | p. 171 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 171 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 171 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 172 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 172 |
| Judaism-The Way of Torah | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| An Orientation to the Middle East | p. 174 |
| Lands and Peoples | p. 174 |
| A Brief History | p. 174 |
| The Traditional Worldview | p. 175 |
| Judaism: The Way of Torah | p. 180 |
| What Is Judaism? | p. 180 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 180 |
| The Jewish Worldview | p. 189 |
| Judaism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 197 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 198 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 198 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 199 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 199 |
| Christianity-The Way of Jesus Christ | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 201 |
| Founder: Jesus of Nazareth | p. 201 |
| The New Testament and the Birth of Christianity | p. 203 |
| The Institutionalization and Spread of Christianity | p. 205 |
| Reform Movements in Christianity | p. 207 |
| Major Christian Movements | p. 208 |
| Other Developments | p. 212 |
| The Christian Worldview | p. 213 |
| Humanity: One in Christ | p. 213 |
| Problem: Separation from God | p. 213 |
| Cause: Original Sin | p. 214 |
| End: The Kingdom of God in Heaven and on Earth | p. 214 |
| Means: Grace, Faith, and the Sacraments | p. 215 |
| Reality: Creation and the Cosmic Christ | p. 217 |
| Sacred: One God, Three "Persons" | p. 218 |
| Christianity in the Twenty-First Century | p. 219 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 222 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 222 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 222 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 223 |
| Islam-The Way of Submission to Allah | p. 225 |
| Introduction | p. 225 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 226 |
| Arabia in the Seventh Century C.E. | p. 226 |
| The Prophet Muhammad | p. 226 |
| The Holy Qur'an | p. 228 |
| The Spread of Islam and the Rise of Islamic Civilization | p. 228 |
| The Branches of Islam | p. 231 |
| Sufi: The Mystical Movement | p. 234 |
| The Revival of Islam | p. 236 |
| The Islamic Worldview | p. 241 |
| Humanity: From a Single Soul | p. 241 |
| Problem: Rejecting Allah's Guidance | p. 242 |
| Cause: Distraction | p. 242 |
| End: Paradise and the "House of Islam" | p. 242 |
| Means: A Life of Submission | p. 243 |
| Reality: The Signs of Allah | p. 247 |
| Sacred: There Is No God but Allah | p. 247 |
| Islam in the Twenty-First Century | p. 248 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 249 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 249 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 249 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 250 |
| Sikhism-The Way of the Guru | p. 252 |
| Introduction | p. 252 |
| Stages of Development and Sacred Texts | p. 252 |
| Founder: Nanak | p. 252 |
| The Gurus After Nanak | p. 253 |
| Guru Adi Granth (The Granth Sahib) | p. 254 |
| The Resurgence of Sikhism in Modern India | p. 255 |
| The Sikh Worldview | p. 256 |
| Humanity: A Pearl in an Oyster | p. 256 |
| Problem: Living Apart from God | p. 256 |
| Cause: Egoism | p. 257 |
| End: Absorption in God | p. 257 |
| Means: Praise and Compassion | p. 257 |
| Reality: Penetrating the "Wall of Falsehood" | p. 259 |
| Sacred: The True Name | p. 259 |
| Sikhism in the Twenty-First Century | p. 260 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 260 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 261 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 261 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 261 |
| The New Religious Movements-Renewal and Innovation | p. 262 |
| Introduction | p. 262 |
| The Rapid Growth of New Religious Movements | p. 262 |
| Problems in Studying New Religious Movements | p. 263 |
| Preparing for the End: Apocalyptic New Religious Movements | p. 265 |
| Seventh-Day Adventism: Living in the Final Days | p. 265 |
| Branch Davidians: Unlocking the Seven Seals | p. 266 |
| Aum Shinrikyo: Teaching the Supreme Truth | p. 267 |
| Faith and Spirit: New Religious Movements of Healing and Awareness | p. 268 |
| Christian Science: Recovering Lost Healing | p. 268 |
| International Raelian Religion: Preparing for the Elohim | p. 270 |
| Jediism: Star Wars Religion | p. 270 |
| Reviving the Church: Christian New Religious Movements of Renewal | p. 272 |
| The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons): Christ's Kingdom in America | p. 272 |
| The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (the Unification Church): Restoration of Original Harmony | p. 274 |
| Nature and Spirit: Earth-Based and Ecological New Religious Movements | p. 276 |
| Wicca: Renewing European Witchcraft | p. 276 |
| Deep Ecology: Ecological Egalitarianism | p. 277 |
| Liberation and Enlightenment: New Religious Movements with Asian Roots | p. 279 |
| The International Society for Krishna Consciousness: The Hare Krishnas | p. 279 |
| Falun Dafa (Falun Gong): Cultivating the Universal Life Energy | p. 281 |
| Soka Gakkai: The Society for Value Creation | p. 282 |
| African-American and Afro-Caribbean New Religious Movements | p. 282 |
| The Nation of Islam: The "Black Muslims" | p. 283 |
| The Ras Tafari Movement: The Black Messiah | p. 284 |
| Native American New Religious Movements | p. 285 |
| The Native American Church: Peyote Religion | p. 285 |
| Focusing on the Human and the Natural: Secular New Religious Movements | p. 286 |
| Secular Humanism: Humanity as Ultimate | p. 286 |
| Marxism: Toward a Classless Society | p. 287 |
| Satanism: Indulging Self | p. 288 |
| The Quest for Unity: Universalist New Religious Movements | p. 289 |
| The Baha'i Faith: Toward World Unity | p. 290 |
| Unitarian Universalist Association: The Unity of God | p. 291 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 292 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 292 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 293 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 293 |
| The World's Religions and Contemporary Ethical Issues | p. 295 |
| The Ecological and Economic Crises-Humans and Resources | p. 297 |
| The Ecological Crisis: Is the Balance of Life on Planet Earth in Jeopardy? | p. 297 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 297 |
| Religious Responses | p. 298 |
| The Economic Crisis: Why Hunger and Abject Poverty in a World of Plenty? | p. 310 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 310 |
| Religious Responses | p. 311 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 321 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 322 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 322 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 322 |
| War and Capital Punishment-Society and Violence | p. 331 |
| War: When, If Ever, Is War Justified? | p. 331 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 331 |
| Religious Responses | p. 332 |
| Capital Punishment: When May the State Take a Criminal's Life? | p. 339 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 339 |
| Religious Responses | p. 340 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 343 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 343 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 344 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 344 |
| Abortion and Euthanasia-Life and Death | p. 348 |
| Abortion: Right to Life or Right to Choose? | p. 348 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 348 |
| Religious Responses | p. 349 |
| Euthanasia: A "Good Death" or "Playing God"? | p. 357 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 357 |
| Religious Responses | p. 358 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 363 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 363 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 363 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 364 |
| Gender and Sexual Orientation-Roles and Identity | p. 368 |
| The Changing Roles of Women: Liberation or Confusion? | p. 368 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 368 |
| Religious Responses | p. 369 |
| Homosexuality: Orientation, Preference, or Perversion? | p. 385 |
| The Nature of the Issue and the Role of Religion | p. 385 |
| Religious Responses | p. 386 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 396 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 397 |
| Questions for Discussion and Reflection | p. 397 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 397 |
| Conclusion | p. 407 |
| The Future of the World's Religions | p. 408 |
| How the World's Religions Will Relate to One Another: Three Possible Futures | p. 408 |
| Exclusivism | p. 408 |
| Inclusivism | p. 410 |
| Pluralism | p. 410 |
| The Search for Common Ground: The Ecological Crisis | p. 413 |
| The World's Religions after September 11, 2001 | p. 416 |
| Important Terms and Phrases | p. 416 |
| Sources and Suggestions for Further Study | p. 417 |
| Glossary | p. 419 |
| Index | p. 427 |
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