Writing Analytically 3E

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ISBN: 9780155058743 | 0155058746
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/11/2002

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

A rhetoric that treats writing as thinking, WRITING ANALYTICALLY offers a sequence of specific prompts that teach students across the curriculum how to use writing to arrive at ideas.

Preface

PART I Making Meaning: Essential Skills

(72)

Habits of Mind: Getting Ready to Have Ideas

(18)

Banking

(1)

Generalizing

(2)

Judging

(2)

Debate-Style Argument

(2)

Either/Or Thinking (Binaries)

(1)

Personalizing (Locating the ``I'')

(2)

Opinions (Versus Ideas)

(2)

What It Means to Have an Idea

(1)

Analysis and Creativity

(3)

Assignment

(3)

Noticing: Learning to Observe

(16)

Notice and Focus (Ranking)

(1)

The Method

(6)

The Steps of The Method: Making Observation Systematic and Habitual

(1)

Rationale for The Method: Looking for Pattern

(2)

Anomaly

(1)

Using The Method: An Example

(1)

Thinking Recursively: Refocusing Binaries

(3)

Prerequisites to Getting Smarter

(4)

Assignment

(3)

Interpreting: Asking ``So What?''

(16)

Prompts: ``Interesting'' and ``Strange''

(1)

Pushing Observations to Conclusions: Asking ``So What?''

(4)

Moving From Description to Interpretation: An Example

(3)

Where Do Meaning, Come From?

(11)

The Limits on Interpretation

(1)

Multiple Meanings and Interpretive Contexts

(1)

Intentionality As an Interpretive Context

(2)

``Hidden'' Meanings: What ``Reading Between the Lines'' Really Means

(2)

The Fortune Cookie School of Interpretation Versus the Anything Goes School

(1)

Implication and Inference: Hidden or Not?

(1)

Seems to Be About X but...

(2)

Assignment

(1)

Reading: How to Do It and What to Do with It

(20)

How to Read: Words Matter

(7)

Becoming Conversant Versus Reading for the Gist

(1)

Paraphrase X 3

(1)

Summary

(1)

Strategies for Making Summaries More Analytical

(3)

Passage-based Focused Freewriting

(1)

What to Do with the Reading: Avoiding the Matching Exercise

(13)

Applying a Reading as a Lens

(2)

Comparing and Contrasting One Reading with Another

(2)

Uncovering the Assumptions in a Reading

(1)

Procedure for Uncovering Assumptions

(2)

A Sample Essay: Having Ideas by Uncovering Assumptions

(4)

Assignments

(2)

PART II Writing the Thesis-driven Paper

(116)

Linking Evidence and Claims: 10 on 1 Versus 1 on 10

(22)

Developing a Thesis Is More Than Repeating an Idea (``1 on 10'')

(6)

What's Wrong with Five-Paragraph Form?

(2)

An Alternative to Five-Paragraph Form: The All-Purpose Organizational Scheme

(2)

Linking Evidence and Claims

(5)

Unsubstantiated Claims

(2)

Pointless Evidence

(2)

Analyzing Evidence in Depth: ``10 on 1''

(10)

Pan, Track, and Zoom: The Film Analogy

(3)

Demonstrating the Representativeness of Your Example

(2)

10 on 1 and Disciplinary Conventions

(1)

A Template for Using 10 on 1

(1)

Assignment

(2)

The Evolving Thesis

(24)

Making the Thesis Evolve

(7)

The Reciprocal Relationship Between Thesis and Evidence: The Thesis As a Camera Lens

(1)

Procedure for Making the Thesis Evolve Through Successive Complications

100

(5)

Locating the Evolving Thesis in the Final Draft

105

(6)

The Evolving Thesis and Common Thought Patterns: Deduction and Induction

106

(2)

The Evolving Thesis As Hypothesis and Conclusion in the Natural and Social Sciences

108

(2)

The Evolving Thesis and Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs

110

(1)

Putting It All Together

111

(10)

Description to Analysis: The Exploratory Draft

114

(1)

Interpretive Leaps and Complicating Evidence

115

(1)

Revising the Exploratory Draft

115

(1)

Testing the Adequacy of the Thesis

116

(2)

Guidelines for Finding and Developing a Thesis

118

(1)

Assignment

119

(2)

Recognizing and Fixing Weak Thesis Statements

121

(16)

Five Kinds of Weak Theses and How to Fix Them

122

(7)

Weak Thesis Type 1: The Thesis Makes No Claim

122

(1)

Weak Thesis Type 2: The Thesis Is Obviously True or Is a Statement of Fact

123

(1)

Weak Thesis Type 3: The Thesis Restates Conventional Wisdom

124

(2)

Weak Thesis Type 4: The Thesis Offers Personal Conviction As the Basis for the Claim

126

(2)

Weak Thesis Type 5: The Thesis Makes an Overly Broad Claim

128

(1)

How to Rephrase Thesis Statements: Specify and Subordinate

129

(3)

Another Note on the Phrasing of Thesis Statements: Questions

131

(1)

Common Logical Errors in Constructing a Thesis

132

(5)

Assignment

135

(2)

Writing the Researched Paper

137

(26)

What to Do with Secondary Sources

137

(4)

``Source Anxiety'' and What to Do About It

137

(1)

The Conversation Analogy

138

(3)

Six Strategies for Analyzing Sources

141

(8)

Strategy 1: Make Your Sources Speak

141

(2)

Strategy 2: Use Your Sources to Ask Questions, Not Just to Provide Answers

143

(1)

Strategy 3: Put Your Sources into Conversation with One Another

144

(2)

Strategy 4: Find Your Own Role in the Conversation

146

(1)

Strategy 5: Supply Ongoing Analysis of Sources (Don't Wait Until the End)

147

(1)

Strategy 6: Attend Carefully to the Language of Your Sources by Quoting or Paraphrasing Them

148

(1)

Making the Research Paper More Analytical: A Sample Essay

149

(3)

Strategies for Writing and Revising Research Papers

152

(11)

An Analytical Research Paper: a Good Example

155

(5)

Guidelines for Writing the Researched Paper

160

(1)

Assignments

161

(2)

Finding and Citing Sources

163

(26)

Getting Started

163

(3)

Electronic Research: Locating Scholarly Information

166

(10)

Understanding Domain Names

166

(1)

Print Corollaries

167

(1)

For Subscribers Only

168

(1)

Directories Before Search Engines

168

(1)

Asking the Right Questions

169

(1)

Bibliographic Research

170

(1)

Popular Press

171

(1)

Tuning in to Your Environment

171

(1)

Quick Tips

172

(3)

Citation Guides on the Web

175

(1)

Seven Steps to Successful Research

176

(1)

Plagiarism and the Logic of Citation

176

(8)

Why Does Plagiarism Matter?

177

(1)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Plagiarism

177

(2)

How to Cite Sources

179

(3)

How to Integrate Quotations into Your Paper

182

(2)

How to Prepare an Abstract

184

(5)

Assignment: A Research Sequence

186

(3)

PART III Matters of Form

189

(104)

Introductions and Conclusions

191

(20)

The Function of Introductions

192

(3)

Putting an Issue or Question in Context

193

(1)

Using Procedural Openings

194

(1)

How Much to Introduce Up Front

195

(3)

Typical Problems That Are Symptoms of Doing Too Much

196

(2)

Opening Gambits: Five Good Ways to Begin

198

(2)

Gambit 1: Challenge a Commonly Held View

198

(1)

Gambit 2: Begin with a Definition

198

(1)

Gambit 3: Offer a Working Hypothesis

198

(1)

Gambit 4: Lead with Your Second-Best Example

199

(1)

Gambit 5: Exemplify the Topic with a Narrative

199

(1)

The Function of Conclusions

200

(4)

Ways of Concluding

202

(1)

Three Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions

203

(1)

Solving Typical Problems in Conclusions

204

(2)

Redundancy

205

(1)

Raising a Totally New Point

205

(1)

Overstatement

205

(1)

Anticlimax

205

(1)

Scientific Format: Introductions and Conclusions

206

(5)

Introductions of Reports in the Sciences

206

(2)

Discussion Sections of Reports in the Sciences

208

(1)

Assignment

209

(2)

Forms and Formats

211

(14)

The Two Functions of Formats: Product and Process

211

(5)

Using Formats Heuristically: An Example

213

(1)

Formats in the Natural and Social Sciences

214

(2)

The Psychology of Form

216

(9)

How to Locate Concessions and Refutations

217

(2)

Organizing Comparisons and Contrasts

219

(1)

Climactic Order

220

(1)

How Thesis Shapes Predict the Shape of the Paper

221

(1)

The Shaping Force of Transitions

222

(1)

Assignment: Inferring the Format of a Published Article

223

(2)

Style: Choosing Words

225

(16)

Not Just Icing on the Cake

225

(2)

Tone

227

(2)

Levels of Style: Who's Writing to Whom, and Why Does It Matter?

228

(1)

The Person Question

229

(2)

The First-Person Pronoun ``I'': Pro and Con

230

(1)

The Second-Person Pronoun ``You'' and the Imperative Mood

231

(1)

Shades of Meaning: Choosing the Best Word

231

(10)

What's Bad About ``Good'' and ``Bad'' (and Other Broad, Judgmental Terms)

233

(1)

Concrete and Abstract Diction

234

(1)

Latinate Diction

235

(1)

Using and Avoiding Jargon

236

(2)

The Politics of Language

238

(1)

Assignment: Style Analysis

238

(3)

Style: Shaping Sentences (and Cutting the Fat)

241

(18)

How to Recognize the Four Basic Sentence Shapes

242

(2)

The Simple Sentence

242

(1)

The Compound Sentence

243

(1)

The Complex Sentence

243

(1)

The Compound-Complex Sentence

244

(1)

Coordination, Subordination, and Emphasis

244

(5)

Coordination

245

(1)

Reversing the Order of Coordinate Clauses

245

(1)

Subordination

246

(1)

Reversing Main and Subordinate Clauses

246

(1)

Parallel Structure

247

(2)

Adding Shapes to the Main Clause: Periodic and Cumulative Sentences

249

(2)

The Periodic Sentence: Snapping Shut

249

(1)

The Cumulative Sentence: Starting Fast

250

(1)

Cutting the Fat

251

(8)

Expletive Constructions

252

(1)

Static (Intransitive) Versus Active (Transitive) Verbs: ``To Be'' or ``Not to Be''

253

(1)

Active and Passive Voices: Doing and Being Done To

254

(2)

Experiment!

256

(2)

Assignments: Stylistic Analysis

258

(1)

Nine Basic Writing Errors and How to Fix Them

259

(34)

Why Correctness Matters

259

(1)

The Concept of Basic Writing Errors (BWEs)

260

(17)

What Punctuation Marks Say: A ``Quick-Hit'' Guide

260

(2)

Nine Basic Writing Errors and How to Fix Them

262

(1)

BWE 1: Sentence Fragments

262

(2)

A Note on Dashes and Cola

264

(1)

BWE 2: Comma Splices and Fused (or Run-on) Sentences

265

(2)

BWE 3: Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

267

(1)

A Note on Nonstandard English

268

(1)

BWE 4: Shifts in Sentence Structure (Faulty Predication)

269

(1)

BWE 5: Errors in Pronoun Reference

269

Ambiguous Reference

268

(1)

Broad Reference

269

(2)

A Note on Sexism and Pronoun Usage

271

(1)

BWE 6: Misplaced Modifiers and Dangling Participles

272

(1)

BWE 7: Errors in Using Possessive Apostrophes

273

(1)

BWE 8: Comma Errors

274

(2)

BWE 9: Spelling/Diction Errors That Interfere with Meaning

276

(1)

Glossary of Grammatical Terms

277

(16)

Guidelines for Revising for Correctness

281

(1)

Assignment: Grammar and Style Quiz

282

(1)

Chapter 14 Appendix: Answer Key (with Discussion)

283

(10)

Works Cited

293

(1)

Credits

293

(1)

Index

294

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Writing Analytically 3E

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials