Writing for Psychology (with InfoTrac)

, by Mitchell, Mark L.; Jolley, Janina M.; O’Shea, Robert P.

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ISBN: 9780155085541 | 0155085549
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/20/2003

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WRITING FOR PSYCHOLOGY û A STUDENT'S GUIDE offers concise assistance for students writing their research analyses using APA Style. By providing concrete examples of common errors, the authors are able to show--rather than merely tell--students what to do and what to avoid. This student friendly manual will help students adhere to the basics of American Psychological Association (APA) style; refine critical thinking skills, library search skills, revising skills, editing skills, and proofing skills; and avoid plagiarism. This text is an adaptation of an earlier text published by Robert O'Shea.Checklists for students, which have been praised by reviewers, precede the summary at the end of every chapter, giving students the chance to make sure they have been thorough in their reports.

To the Student

To the Professor

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 What Every Student Should Know About Writing Psychology Papers

(22)

1.1 Understanding Your Assignment

(2)

1.2 Understanding Academic Values

(3)

1.2.1 Be Informed

(1)

1.2.2 Make a Claim

(1)

1.2.3 Defend Your Claim

(1)

1.2.4 Be Honest

(2)

1.2.5 Use Your Own Words

(1)

1.3 Understanding APA Style

(5)

1.3.1 Ideals

(1)

1.3.2 Appropriately Personal Prose

(2)

1.3.3 Simple Language

(1)

1.3.4 Respectful Language

(2)

1.4 Writing and Revising

(9)

1.4.1 Plan to Finish Early

(1)

1.4.2 Think, Search, Read, and Get Organized

(1)

1.4.3 Write Your First Draft

(1)

1.4.4 Revise Your First Draft: Reorganize, Rethink, Read, and Rewrite

(1)

1.4.5 Help The Reader Navigate Through Your Paper

(2)

1.4.6 Address Readers' Objections

(1)

1.4.7 Polish Your Writing

(1)

1.4.8 Proof Language, Grammar, Spelling, Usage, and Punctuation

(1)

1.4.9 Final Formatting

(1)

1.4.10 Five Final Checks

(1)

1.5 Submitting the Finished Product

(1)

1.6 Avoiding Common Problems: A Checklist

(2)

1.7 Summary

(1)

CHAPTER 2 Writing Term Papers

(24)

2.1 Thesis Statement

(1)

2.2 Basic Sections, Headings

(1)

2.3 Title Page

(1)

2.4 Abstract

(1)

2.5 Introduction

(2)

2.5.1 Introduce Generally and Gently

(1)

2.5.2 Introduce Key Issues

(1)

2.5.3 Introduce Key Definitions

(1)

2.5.4 Introduce and Present Your Thesis Statement

(1)

2.5.5 Invite Inquiry

(1)

2.6 Body

(1)

2.6.1 Integrate Material

(1)

2.6.2 Be Both Concise and Precise

(1)

2.7 Conclusion

(1)

2.7.1 Conclude

(1)

2.7.2 Follow the Body's Logic to Your Conclusion

(1)

2.8 References

(1)

2.9 Author Note

(1)

2.10 Tense

(1)

2.11 Sample Term Paper

(12)

2.12 Checklist for Evaluating Your Term Paper

(1)

2.13 Summary

(2)

CHAPTER 3 Writing Research Reports and Proposals

(42)

3.1 Basic Sections, Headings

(3)

3.2 Title Page

(1)

3.3 Abstract

(1)

3.4 Introduction

(1)

3.4.1 Introduce the Broader Issue

(1)

3.4.2 Introduce the Hypothesis

(1)

3.5 Method

(4)

3.5.1 Participants or Subjects

(1)

3.5.2 Apparatus

(1)

3.5.3 Materials

(1)

3.5.4 Design and Other Optional Subsections

(1)

3.5.5 Procedure

(1)

3.6 Results

(11)

3.6.1 Statistical Significance

(1)

3.6.2 Formatting Statistical Information

(1)

3.6.3 Deciding Whether You Need Either a Figure or a Table

(1)

3.6.4 Best Times for Tables

(1)

3.6.5 Making Tables

(2)

3.6.6 Best Times for Figures

(1)

3.6.7 Making Figures

(6)

3.6.8 Units

(1)

3.7 Discussion

(4)

3.7.1 Briefly Restate the Results

(1)

3.7.2 State Qualifications and Reservations

(1)

3.7.3 State the Theoretical Importance

(1)

3.7.4 Conclude

(1)

3.8 References

(1)

3.9 Appendixes

(1)

3.10 Author Note

(1)

3.11 Tense

(1)

3.12 Sample Research Report

(10)

3.13 Report and Proposal Content Checklist

(3)

3.14 Summary

(2)

CHAPTER 4 Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources

(42)

4.1 Finding Information

(7)

4.1.1 Starting Your Search

(1)

4.1.2 Using One Reference to Find More References

(2)

4.1.3 Reading the Right Stuff

(4)

4.2 Reading

(2)

4.2.1 Read Purposefully

(1)

4.2.2 Take Notes

(2)

4.2.3 Reread

(1)

4.2.4 Revise Your Notes

(1)

4.3 Citing

(5)

4.3.1 Choosing a Citation Type

102

(1)

4.3.2 Citing from Secondary Sources

103

(1)

4.3.3 Citing Personal Communications

104

(1)

4.3.4 Citing Information Obtained from the Internet

104

(1)

4.4 Formatting Individual Citations

104

(3)

4.4.1 Work by One Author

105

(1)

4.4.2 Work by Two Authors

105

(1)

4.4.3 Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors

106

(1)

4.4.4 Work by Six or More Authors

106

(1)

4.4.5 Work by Author Sharing Same Last Name as Another Cited Author

107

(1)

4.4.6 Work with No Author

107

(1)

4.5 Formatting Multiple Citations

107

(1)

4.5.1 More Than Two Works by Different Authors

107

(1)

4.5.2 More Than Two Works by the Same Author

108

(1)

4.6 Paraphrasing

108

(1)

4.7 Quoting

109

(2)

4.7.1 Embedded Quotations

109

(2)

4.7.2 Block Quotations

111

(1)

4.8 Deciding What to Reference

111

(1)

4.8.1 Referencing Nonstandard Sources

112

(1)

4.8.2 Referencing Secondary Sources

112

(1)

4.9 Formatting References

112

(13)

4.9.1 Starting the Reference Page

112

(1)

4.9.2 Form of Each Reference

113

(1)

4.9.3 Order

114

(1)

4.9.4 Author Names

115

(1)

4.9.5 Date of Publication

116

(1)

4.9.6 Title

117

(1)

4.9.7 Abbreviations

117

(1)

4.9.8 Book Reference

117

(2)

4.9.9 Book-chapter Reference

119

(1)

4.9.10 Journal-Article Reference

119

(2)

4.9.11 Journal-Article-Abstract Reference

121

(1)

4.9.12 Referencing Internet Sources

122

(3)

4.10 Checklists

125

(3)

4.10.1 Academic Honesty Checklist

125

(1)

4.10.2 Formatting Citations Checklist

125

(2)

4.10.3 Finding and Using Sources Checklist

127

(1)

4.10.4 Reference Page Checklist

127

(1)

4.11 Summary

128

(3)

CHAPTER 5 Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading and Logical Writing

131

(18)

5.1 Theses

132

(1)

5.2 Inductive Arguments

133

(1)

5.3 Deductive Arguments

134

(2)

5.4 Hypotheses

136

(1)

5.5 Problems in Making Arguments

137

(1)

5.6 Stating an Unarguable Thesis

137

(1)

5.7 Substituting Appeals for Reasoning: Nonobjective Thinking

138

(1)

5.7.1 Appeal to Emotion

138

(1)

5.7.2 Appeal to Faith

138

(1)

5.7.3 Appeal to Authority

138

(1)

5.8 Unfair Arguments

139

(1)

5.8.1 Ad Hominem Arguments

139

(1)

5.8.2 Ignoring Contradictory Evidence

139

(1)

5.8.3 Straw Man Arguments

139

(1)

5.9 General Errors in Reasoning from Evidence

140

(6)

5.9.1 Inferring Causation from Correlation

140

(3)

5.9.2 Making Something Out of Nothing: Misinterpreting Null Results

143

(1)

5.9.3 Adding Meaning to Significance: Misinterpreting Significant Results

143

(1)

5.9.4 Trusting Labels Too Much: Not Questioning Construct Validity

144

(1)

5.9.5 Faulty Generalizations

145

(1)

5.10 Critical Thinking Checklist

146

(1)

5.11 Summary

146

(3)

CHAPTER 6 Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid Punctuation, and Saggy Style

149

(30)

6.1 Elements of Grammar

150

(10)

6.1.1 Nouns

150

(1)

6.1.2 Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

151

(2)

6.1.3 Verbs

153

(1)

6.1.4 Articles

154

(1)

6.1.5 Adjectives

155

(1)

6.1.6 Adverbs

155

(1)

6.1.7 Prepositions

156

(1)

6.1.8 Conjunctions

157

(1)

6.1.9 Relative Pronouns

157

(1)

6.1.10 Phrases

158

(1)

6.1.11 Clauses

158

(1)

6.1.12 Sentences

159

(1)

6.1.13 Paragraphs

160

(1)

6.2 Punctuation

160

(3)

6.2.1 End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points)

160

(1)

6.2.2 Commas

160

(1)

6.2.3 Semicolons

161

(1)

6.2.4 Colons

161

(1)

6.2.5 Apostrophes

162

(1)

6.2.6 Parentheses

162

(1)

6.2.7 Dashes

162

(1)

6.2.8 Hyphens

162

(1)

6.2.9 Quotation Marks

163

(1)

6.3 Usage

163

(6)

6.3.1 Know What You Mean

163

(1)

6.3.2 Complete Comparisons

164

(1)

6.3.3 Distinguish Comparatives from Superlatives

164

(4)

6.3.4 Divide Run-On Sentences

168

(1)

6.3.5 Specify Nonspecific Referents

168

(1)

6.3.6 Attribute Humanity Only to Humans

169

(1)

6.4 Writing with Style

169

(5)

6.4.1 Accentuate the Positive

169

(1)

6.4.2 Point the Way Within and Between Paragraphs

169

(1)

6.4.3 Use Parallel Construction

170

(1)

6.4.4 Use a Consistent, Formal Tone

171

(1)

6.4.5 Use Small Words and Short Sentences

171

(1)

6.4.6 Be Precise

172

(1)

6.4.7 Be Concise

172

(1)

6.4.8 Be Cautious

173

(1)

6.5 Your Own Style

174

(1)

6.6 Checklists

174

(3)

6.6.1 Parts of Speech

174

(1)

6.6.2 Punctuation

175

(1)

6.6.3 Style

176

(1)

6.7 Summary

177

(2)

CHAPTER 7 Preparing the Final Draft

179

(10)

7.1 Presentation

179

(1)

7.1.1 Paper, Margins, Spacing

179

(1)

7.1.2 Word Processing Versus Typing

180

(1)

7.2 APA Formats

180

(5)

7.2.1 Running Head Versus Short Title

181

(1)

7.2.2 Paragraphs

181

(1)

7.2.3 Headings

182

(1)

7.2.4 Italics or Underlining

182

(1)

7.2.5 Abbreviations

183

(2)

7.2.6 Numbers

185

(1)

7.2.7 Tables and Figures

185

(1)

7.3 Conclusions

185

(1)

7.4 Format Checklists

186

(2)

7.4.1 General Appearance Checklist

186

(1)

7.4.2 Headings and Headers Checklist

186

(1)

7.4.3 Number, Tables, and Figures Checklist

187

(1)

7.4.4 Citations and References Checklist

187

(1)

7.4.5 Abbreviations Checklist

187

(1)

7.4.6 Title Page Checklist

187

(1)

7.5 Summary

188

(1)

References

189

(2)

Appendix A APA Copy Style Versus APA Final-Form Style

191

(2)

Appendix B Problem Plurals

193

(2)

Index

195

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Writing for Psychology (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials