Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781111840631 | 1111840636
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 3/30/2012
WRITING FOR PSYCHOLOGY, Fourth Edition offers concise assistance for students writing their research analyses using APA style. By providing concrete examples of common errors, the authors show rather than merely tell students what to do and what to avoid. This manual will help students adhere to the basics of APA style; refine critical thinking skills, library search skills, revising skills, editing skills, and proofing skills; and avoid plagiarism. Checklists precede a summary at the end of every chapter, giving students the chance to make sure they have been thorough in their reports.
To the Student | p. xiii |
To the Professor | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
What Every Student Should Know About Writing Psychology Papers | p. 1 |
Understanding the Written and Unwritten Directions | p. 1 |
Understanding Academic Values | p. 2 |
Be Informed: Read to Write | p. 3 |
Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point, and Stick to That Point | p. 3 |
Defend Your Claim with Logic and Evidence | p. 4 |
Be Honest | p. 5 |
Use Sour Own Words | p. 7 |
Understanding APA Style | p. 8 |
Ideals | p. 8 |
Appropriately Personal Prose: The Objective ôIö | p. 9 |
Simple Language: Do Not Confuse the Reader | p. 10 |
Respectful Language: Do Not Offend | p. 11 |
Writing and Revising | p. 12 |
Plan to Finish Early | p. 12 |
Think, Search, Read, and Get Organized | p. 13 |
Write Your First Draft | p. 16 |
Revise Your First Draft: Reorganize, Rethink, Reread, and Rewrite | p. 17 |
Help the Reader Navigate Through Your Paper | p. 18 |
Address Readers' Objections | p. 20 |
Polish Your Writing | p. 20 |
Check Language, Grammar, Spelling, Usage, and Punctuation | p. 21 |
Final Formatting | p. 22 |
Five Final Checks | p. 22 |
Submitting the Finished Product | p. 23 |
Avoiding Common Problems: A Checklist | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Writing Essays and Term Papers | p. 27 |
From Topic to Thesis Statement | p. 27 |
Parts of a Term Paper and Their Headings | p. 29 |
Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Title, and Writing the Author Note | p. 31 |
Formatting the Tide Page | p. 31 |
Wording the Tide | p. 32 |
Writing the Author Note | p. 32 |
Abstract | p. 33 |
Writing the Abstract | p. 33 |
Formatting the Abstract | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 34 |
Introduce Generally and Gendy | p. 34 |
Introduce Key Issues | p. 35 |
If Necessary, Introduce Key Definitions | p. 35 |
Introduce and State Your Thesis | p. 35 |
Arouse the Reader's Curiosity | p. 36 |
Body | p. 36 |
Make the Material Tell a Coherent Story: Have a Theme, Organize Your Notes, and Outline Your Paper | p. 36 |
Be Both Concise and Precise | p. 40 |
Focus on Facts and Fairness | p. 41 |
Know Your (Facts') Limitations | p. 42 |
Conclusion | p. 42 |
Conclude by Summing Up Your Case | p. 42 |
Conclude-Do Not Introduce | p. 43 |
References | p. 43 |
Tense | p. 44 |
Sample Term Paper | p. 44 |
Checklist for Evaluating Your Paper | p. 59 |
Summary | p. 60 |
Writing Research Reports and Proposals | p. 61 |
General Strategies for Writing Your Paper: Presenting, Writing, and Planning Its Different Parts | p. 61 |
Main Headings and Sections: Formatting the Research Paper's 10 Sections | p. 62 |
The Value of Writing Your Paper out of Order | p. 62 |
The General Plan of Your Paper | p. 62 |
Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Tide, and Writing the Author Note | p. 65 |
Formatting the Tide Page | p. 65 |
Wording the Tide | p. 66 |
Writing the Author Note | p. 67 |
Abstract | p. 68 |
Writing the Abstract | p. 68 |
Keywords | p. 70 |
Finishing and Formatting the Abstract Page | p. 70 |
Introduction | p. 70 |
Introduce the General Topic | p. 71 |
Review Relevant Research and Theory | p. 71 |
Introduce the Hypothesis | p. 73 |
Method | p. 74 |
Participants or Subjects | p. 75 |
Apparatus | p. 76 |
Materials or Measures | p. 77 |
Design and Other Optional Subsections | p. 77 |
Procedure | p. 78 |
Results | p. 79 |
Statistical Significance | p. 80 |
Formatting Statistical Information | p. 81 |
When Not to Use Either a Table or a Figure | p. 82 |
When to Use Tables | p. 82 |
Creating Tables | p. 82 |
When to Use Figures | p. 85 |
Creating Figures | p. 85 |
Units | p. 91 |
Discussion | p. 91 |
Briefly Restate the Results | p. 92 |
Relate Results to Other Research | p. 93 |
State Qualifications and Reservations-And Use Them to Propose Future Research | p. 94 |
Explain the Research's Implications | p. 95 |
Conclude | p. 95 |
References | p. 96 |
Appendixes | p. 96 |
Tense | p. 97 |
Sample Research Report | p. 98 |
Report and Proposal Content Checklist | p. 113 |
Summary | p. 118 |
Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources | p. 119 |
Finding Information | p. 119 |
Starting Your Search: Databases, Search Terms, and Secondary Sources | p. 119 |
Using One Reference to Find More References | p. 122 |
Deciding What to Read: Choosing Acceptable Sources | p. 124 |
Reading | p. 129 |
Read Purposefully | p. 129 |
Take Thoughtful, Useful Notes-And if You Copy, Be Careful | p. 130 |
Reread | p. 130 |
Revise Your Notes | p. 130 |
Citations: What to Cite and Why | p. 134 |
Citing From Secondary Sources | p. 134 |
Citing Information Obtained From the Internet | p. 135 |
Citing Personal Communications | p. 135 |
General Rules for How to Format Citations | p. 136 |
What Your Citation Should Include: Usually, Only Name and Date | p. 136 |
General Strategies for Formatting Author and Date Information: Use Only Name Citations and Parenthetical Citations | p. 137 |
Formatting Individual Citations: Principles and Examples | p. 139 |
Work by One Author: Whether the Listed Author Is a Person, Organization, or "Anonymous" | p. 140 |
Work by Two Authors | p. 140 |
Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors | p. 141 |
Work by Six or More Authors | p. 141 |
Work by Author Sharing Same Last Name as Another Cited Author | p. 142 |
Work With No Listed Author | p. 142 |
Works With Dating Problems: Not Published, Not Yet Published, No Publication Date, Multiple Publication Dates | p. 142 |
Works From Nontraditional Sources: Personal Communications and Secondary Sources | p. 143 |
Formatting Multiple Citations | p. 143 |
More Than Two Works by Different Authors | p. 143 |
More Than Two Works by the Same Author | p. 144 |
Citing the Same Work by the Same Author More Than Once | p. 144 |
Citing the Same Work by the Same Authors More Than Once | p. 145 |
Paraphrasing | p. 145 |
Quoting | p. 146 |
Embedded Quotations | p. 146 |
Block Quotations | p. 147 |
Deciding What to Reference | p. 148 |
Cite but Do Not Reference Communications That Cannot Be Retrieved | p. 148 |
Reference Secondary Sources You Read but Not Original Sources That You Only Read About | p. 149 |
Formatting References | p. 150 |
Starting the Reference Page | p. 150 |
General Tips for Formatting Individual References | p. 151 |
Put Your References in Alphabetical Order and Follow These Rules to Break Ties | p. 152 |
Formatting the First Part of the Reference: The Author Names | p. 154 |
Formatting the Second Part of the Reference: The Publication Date | p. 155 |
Formatting the Third Part of the Reference: The Title | p. 156 |
Abbreviations | p. 156 |
Referencing Books | p. 156 |
Referencing Book Chapters | p. 158 |
Referencing Journal Articles | p. 160 |
Referencing Abstracts of Journal Articles | p. 162 |
Referencing Internet Sources | p. 162 |
Checklists | p. 167 |
Academic Honesty Checklist | p. 167 |
Formatting Citations Checklist | p. 168 |
Finding and Using Sources Checklist | p. 169 |
Reference Page Checklist | p. 169 |
Summary | p. 171 |
Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading and Logical Writing | p. 175 |
Deductive Arguments | p. 176 |
Inductive Arguments: Making Relatively Careful Generalizations | p. 178 |
Argument by Analogy | p. 180 |
Overview of Problems in Making Arguments | p. 181 |
Appeals to Emotion, Faith, or Authority | p. 181 |
Appeals to Emotion | p. 181 |
Appeals to Faith | p. 181 |
Appeals to Authority | p. 181 |
Unfair Arguments | p. 182 |
Ad Hominem Arguments | p. 182 |
Ignoring Contradictory Evidence | p. 182 |
Straw Man Arguments | p. 183 |
General Errors in Reasoning From Evidence | p. 183 |
Inferring Causation From Correlation | p. 183 |
Making Something out of Nothing: Misinterpreting Null Results | p. 186 |
Adding Meaning to Significance: Misinterpreting Significant Results | p. 186 |
Trusting Labels Too Much: Not Questioning Construct Validity | p. 188 |
Not Questioning Generalizations | p. 189 |
Critical Thinking Checklist | p. 190 |
Summary | p. 190 |
Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid Punctuation, and Saggy Style | p. 193 |
Elements of Grammar | p. 194 |
Nouns | p. 194 |
Personal and Impersonal Pronouns | p. 195 |
Verbs | p. 197 |
Articles | p. 198 |
Adjectives | p. 199 |
Adverbs | p. 199 |
Prepositions | p. 200 |
Conjunctions | p. 201 |
Relative Pronouns | p. 202 |
Phrases | p. 203 |
Clauses | p. 203 |
Sentences | p. 203 |
Paragraphs | p. 204 |
Punctuation | p. 205 |
End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points) | p. 205 |
Commas | p. 205 |
Semicolons | p. 206 |
Colons | p. 206 |
Apostrophes | p. 206 |
Parentheses | p. 207 |
Dashes | p. 207 |
Hyphens | p. 207 |
Quotation Marks | p. 208 |
Usage | p. 208 |
Know What You Mean | p. 208 |
Let the Reader Know What You Are Comparing | p. 212 |
Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly | p. 212 |
Divide or Reconnect Run-On Sentences | p. 213 |
Help Readers Get "It" (and Other Pronouns) by Specifying Nonspecific Referents | p. 213 |
Attribute Humanity Only to Humans | p. 214 |
Writing With Style | p. 215 |
Accentuate the Positive | p. 215 |
Point the Way Within and Between Paragraphs | p. 215 |
Use Parallel Construction | p. 216 |
Use a Consistent, Formal Tone | p. 217 |
Use Small Words and Short Sentences | p. 217 |
Be Precise | p. 217 |
Be Concise | p. 218 |
Be Cautious | p. 218 |
Your Own Style | p. 220 |
Checklists | p. 220 |
Parts of Speech | p. 220 |
Punctuation | p. 221 |
Style | p. 222 |
Summary | p. 222 |
Preparing the Final Draft | p. 225 |
Presentation: Appearance Matters | p. 225 |
Paper, Margins, Spacing, and Spaces | p. 225 |
Word Processor Settings: Making Your Word Processor Help You | p. 226 |
Fonts | p. 227 |
APA Format | p. 227 |
Page Headers and the Title Page | p. 227 |
Paragraphs | p. 228 |
Headings | p. 228 |
Italics | p. 229 |
Abbreviations | p. 230 |
Numbers | p. 232 |
Tables and Figures | p. 233 |
Conclusions | p. 234 |
Format Checklists | p. 234 |
General Appearance Checklist | p. 234 |
Headings and Headers Checklist | p. 234 |
Numbers Checklist | p. 235 |
Citations and References Checklist | p. 235 |
Abbreviations Checklist | p. 235 |
Title Page Checklist | p. 236 |
Summary | p. 236 |
References | p. 239 |
APA Copy Style Versus APA Final-Form Style | p. 241 |
Problem Plurals | p. 243 |
Index | p. 247 |
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