X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual for X11, Release 5

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ISBN: 9781565920132 | 1565920139
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/1992

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Volume 4 is a complete guide to programming with the X Toolkit Intrinsics, the library of C language routines that facilitates the design of user interfaces with reusable components called widgets. It provides concepts and examples that show how to use the various X Toolkit routines. The first few chapters are devoted to using widgets; the remainder of the book covers the more complex task of writing new widgets. Uses the Motif 1.2 widget set in examples and covers X11 Release 5. Volume 4 includes: Introduction to the X Window System. Building applications with widgets. Constructing a bitmap editor with widgets. An overview of each widget in the widget set. Basic widget methods./li> Events, translations, and accelerators. Event handlers, timeouts, and work procedures. Resource management and type conversion. Selections and window manager interaction. Geometry management. Menus, gadgets, and cascaded pop-ups. Miscellaneous techniques. Comparison of Athena, OSF/Motif, and AT&T OPEN LOOK widgets. This book is designed to be used with Volume 5, X Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual, which provides reference pages for each of the Xt functions, the widget classes defined by Xt, and the Athena widget set.

Preface

xxvii

Summary of Contents

xxvii

Assumptions

xxviii

Related Documents

xxviii

How to Use This Manual

xxix

Font Conventions Used in This Manual

xxxii

Request for Comments

xxxiii

Bulk Sales Information

xxxiii

Obtaining the X Window System Software

xxxiii

Obtaining Motif

xxxiv

Obtaining the Example Programs

xxxiv

FTP

xxxiv

FTPMAIL

xxxv

BITFTP

xxxv

UUCP

xxxvi

Compiling the Example Programs

xxxvii

Acknowledgments

xxxvii

Introduction to the X Window System

(12)

The Server and Client

(2)

The Software Hierarchy

(2)

Event-driven Programming

(1)

The Window Manager

(1)

Extensions to X

(3)

Introduction to the X Toolkit and Motif

(46)

Programming with Widgets

(16)

About Widget Sets

(2)

Widget Classes and Instances

(3)

Widget Configurability with Resources

(2)

Widget Independence

(2)

Widget-Application Interaction

(2)

Xt and Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

(1)

The Object

(1)

Methods

(1)

Messages

(1)

Encapsulation

(1)

Structure of Motif Applications

(1)

A Simple X Toolkit Application

(9)

The Code

(3)

Compiling the Application

(1)

The App-defaults File

(4)

To Hardcode or Not to Hardcode

(1)

Connecting Widgets to Application Code

(4)

Callbacks

(3)

More About Resources

(12)

Setting and Getting Resources from the Application

(1)

Setting Resources with the Varargs Interfaces

(2)

Setting Resources with the ArgList Interfaces

(1)

Getting a Resource Value

(1)

Core Resources

(3)

Other Inherited Resources

(3)

Advice on X Programming

(1)

Debugging Xt Applications

(3)

More Techniques for Using Widgets

(52)

Using Composite Widgets

(8)

Setting Resources for an Instance Hierarchy

(1)

Geometry Management in Practice

(4)

Using Constraint Widgets

(3)

The Standard Motif Instance Hierarchy

(5)

Motif Widget Creation Routines

(1)

Building a Main Window

(3)

Using Popups

(8)

Creating a Basic Menu

(3)

Creating a Basic Dialog Box

(4)

Popup Window Hierarchy

(1)

More About Callbacks

(5)

Passing Data to Callback Functions

(1)

The client_data Argument

(2)

The call_data Argument

(1)

Callback Lists

(1)

Application Resources

(6)

The Application Data Structure

(1)

The Resource List

(4)

Getting the Resources

(1)

Command-line Options

(7)

Standard Command-line Options

(1)

Defining Your Own Command-line Options

(5)

Preventing User Customization of Widget Resources

103

(6)

Using the Varargs Interfaces

103

(2)

Using the Argument List Interfaces

105

(2)

Another Way to Set Arguments

107

(1)

Merging Argument Lists

108

(1)

More About Application Contexts

109

(4)

An Example Application

113

(38)

xbitmap1: Bitmap Editor Using a BitmapEdit Widget

114

(5)

XBitmap1 App-defaults File

119

(1)

xbitmap2: Adding Graphics to Display the Bitmap

119

(10)

Exposure Strategy

121

(3)

Graphics from the Application

124

(4)

Writing a Bitmap File

128

(1)

xbitmap3: Another Way to Create a Custom Window

129

(9)

Actions

129

(2)

The Actions Table

131

(1)

Format of an Action Function

132

(1)

Translations

133

(1)

The Translation Table

134

(2)

Hardcoding Translations

136

(2)

Action Parameters

138

(1)

Adding Actions to Existing Widgets

138

(1)

xbitmap4: A Bitmap Editor Without a BitmapEdit Widget

138

(13)

More About Motif

151

(34)

The Remaining Motif Widgets and Gadgets

152

(7)

Geometry Managing Widgets

157

(1)

Dialog Widgets

158

(1)

Widget Creation Functions

159

(3)

Compound Strings

162

(6)

Simple Compound Strings

162

(2)

Strings with Multiple Fonts

164

(2)

Manipulating Compound Strings

166

(1)

Converting Compound Strings to Text

167

(1)

Rendering Compound Strings

168

(1)

Pixmap and Image Caching Functions

168

(2)

Dynamic Resource Defaulting

170

(1)

Resolution Independence

170

(1)

Keyboard Traversal and Focus

171

(2)

Motif Virtual Keyboard Bindings

173

(1)

Drag and Drop

174

(3)

Drag Protocol

174

(1)

Drop Protocol

175

(1)

Operations

175

(1)

Application Programming Interface

176

(1)

Summary: Drag and Drop in Applications

176

(1)

Tear-off Menus

177

(1)

The Motif User Interface Language

177

(8)

Inside a Widget

185

(32)

Widget Source File Organization

186

(1)

The Private Header File---BitmapEditP.h

187

(4)

Parts and Records

187

(1)

Class Part and Class Record

188

(1)

Instance Part and Instance Record

189

(2)

The Widget Implementation File---BitmapEdit.c

191

(18)

Obligatory Include Files

192

(1)

Defining the Resource List

193

(3)

The Translation Table and Actions Table

196

(2)

Declaring Methods

198

(1)

Initializing the Class Part

199

(1)

The Core Class Part

199

(3)

Initializing the Core Methods

202

(2)

Description of Core Methods

204

(2)

Packaging the Class Record for Application Use

206

(1)

A Sample Method

206

(3)

The Public Header File---BitmapEdit.h

209

(2)

The Process of Widget Writing

211

(1)

Summary of Conventions

212

(5)

Basic Widget Methods

217

(26)

The X Graphics Model Inside Widgets

218

(1)

The initialize Method

219

(5)

Creating GCs

221

(3)

The expose Method

224

(3)

The set_values Method

227

(3)

The resize Method

230

(3)

The query_geometry Method

233

(3)

The destroy Method

236

(1)

Actions in the Widget Framework

237

(6)

Events, Translations, and Accelerators

243

(28)

Translation Table Syntax

244

(17)

The Directive

245

(1)

Selecting the Events to Translate

245

(3)

Details in Keyboard Events

248

(1)

Details in Other Event Types

249

(2)

Modifiers

251

(1)

Physical Keys Used as Modifiers

252

(2)

Default Interpretation of the Modifier List

254

(1)

Prohibiting a Modifier

254

(1)

Requiring an Exact Match

255

(1)

Paying Attention to the Case of Keysyms

255

(1)

Event Sequences

256

(1)

Special Considerations Involving Motion Events

257

(1)

Modifiers and Event Sequences

258

(1)

Using Modifiers to Specify Button Event Sequences

258

(1)

Key Event Sequences

258

(1)

Interactions Between Translations

259

(1)

Translations in Multiple Resource Files

259

(1)

Order of Translations

259

(1)

Event Sequences Sharing Initial Events

260

(1)

Event Sequences Sharing Noninitial Events

260

(1)

Accelerators and Mnemonics

261

(10)

Xt Accelerators

261

(2)

Event Propagation

263

(2)

Installing Accelerators in Multiple Widgets

265

(1)

Defining the Accelerator Table in the Code

266

(1)

Motif Accelerators and Mnemonics

267

(1)

Mnemonics

267

(1)

The display_accelerators Method

268

(3)

More Input Techniques

271

(26)

Event Handlers

272

(6)

Adding Event Handlers

275

(1)

Adding Nonmaskable Event Handlers

276

(1)

Removing Event Handlers

277

(1)

Adding Raw Event Handlers

278

(1)

Writing Routines That Use Specific Event Data

278

(4)

Event Types and Structure Names

280

(2)

File, Pipe, and Socket Input

282

(3)

Getting File Input

282

(2)

Getting Pipe Input

284

(1)

Timeouts

285

(3)

Visibility Interest

288

(2)

Work Procedures

290

(2)

Low-level Management of the Event Queue

292

(5)

XtPending and XtPeekEvent

292

(1)

Event Filters

293

(1)

Input Sensitivity

294

(3)

Resource Management and Type Conversion

297

(44)

Review of Resource Fundamentals

298

(3)

How Xt's Resource Manager Works

301

(21)

Basic Syntax of Resource Specifications

302

(2)

Wildcarding Resource Component Names

304

(1)

Merging of Resource Files

304

(3)

Syntax of Environment Variables

307

(1)

Including Files in a Resource File

308

(1)

The Language String

309

(1)

Screen-specific Resource Strings and Databases

310

(2)

Fallback Resources

312

(1)

Resource Matching Algorithm

313

(2)

Resource Precedence Rules

315

(4)

Customized Resource Files

319

(2)

The XtNbase Translations Resource

321

(1)

Type Conversion

322

(14)

Conversions from XmRString

322

(2)

Other Built-in Type Conversions

324

(1)

Special Resource Defaults That Do Not Use Conversion

325

(2)

Registering Type Converters

327

(3)

Passing Arguments to a Type Converter

330

(2)

Explicitly Invoking a Converter

332

(2)

Writing a Type Converter

334

(1)

Defining the Default Value

335

(1)

Subparts and Subresources

336

(5)

The Hook Methods

337

(1)

Managing Subresources

338

(3)

Interclient Communications

341

(42)

Window Manager Interactions

342

(12)

Shell Subclasses

343

(1)

Setting Shell Resources

343

(3)

Screen Space

346

(1)

Input Model

347

(2)

Colormaps

349

(1)

Icons

350

(2)

Window Manager Decorations

352

(1)

Interacting With the Motif Window Manager

352

(1)

WM_PROTOCOLS

353

(1)

_MOTIF_WM_MESSAGES

354

(1)

_MOTIF_WM_HINTS

354

(1)

Selections: Widget-to-Widget Communication

354

(25)

How Atomic Selection Works

356

(3)

Highlighting the Selected Data (Owner)

359

(5)

Making the Selection with XtOwnSelection (Owner)

364

(1)

Requesting the Selection (Requestor)

365

(1)

Possible Target Type Atoms

366

(2)

The Paste Action from BitmapEdit

368

(1)

Converting the Selection (Owner)

368

(2)

Finally Pasting the Selection (Requestor)

370

(2)

If the Selection is Lost (Owner)

372

(1)

When the Selection Transfer is Complete (Owner)

373

(1)

ICCCM Compliance

373

(2)

Xmu Atom Caching

375

(1)

Converting the Standard Selections

375

(2)

How Incremental Selection Works

377

(2)

Miscellaneous Selection Routines

379

(1)

Motif Cut and Paste Functions and the Clipboard

379

(4)

Geometry Management

383

(42)

How Composite Management Works

384

(8)

Initial Geometry Negotiation

386

(3)

User Resizes the Application

389

(1)

Widget Desires a Size Change

389

(2)

Application Resizes a Widget

391

(1)

Writing a Composite Widget

392

(12)

Basic Core Methods in Composite Widgets

394

(2)

Laying Out Child Widgets

396

(2)

The change_managed Method

398

(1)

The geometry_manager Method

398

(1)

XtQueryGeometry and the query_geometry Method

399

(1)

XtMakeGeometryRequest and the geometry_manager Method

400

(2)

The set_values_almost Method

402

(1)

The insert_child and delete_child Methods

403

(1)

How Constraint Management Works

404

(1)

Writing a Constraint Widget

404

(16)

The Core Resource List

405

(1)

The Constraint Resource List

406

(2)

Class Structure Initialization

408

(2)

The Constraint initialize Method

410

(1)

The class_part_init Method

411

(1)

The geometry_manager Method

412

(4)

The resize Method

416

(2)

The Core and Constraint set_values Methods

418

(1)

The change_managed Method

418

(1)

The query_geometry Method

419

(1)

Delaying Geometry Recalculation

420

(1)

Compound Widgets

420

(1)

Stacking Order

421

(4)

Menus, Gadgets, and Cascaded Popups

425

(42)

Menu Styles and Implementation

427

(1)

Using Motif Menus

428

(3)

Popup Menus

429

(1)

Cascaded Menus

430

(1)

Basic Xt Popup Support

431

(22)

A Spring-loaded Menu: Pointer Grabbing

432

(8)

A Pulldown Menu

440

(3)

Cascaded Menus

443

(5)

Using the R4 Simple Menu Widget

448

(4)

Delayed Popup Creation

452

(1)

About Dialog Boxes

453

(1)

Gadgets

454

(13)

Inside a Gadget

457

(1)

Private Header File

458

(1)

The Gadget Source File

459

(1)

The Public Header File

460

(1)

The Gadget Parent

460

(7)

Miscellaneous Toolkit Programming Techniques

467

(36)

Errors and Warnings

467

(3)

Objects

470

(1)

Macros For Getting Information

471

(2)

The accept_focus Method and the Keyboard Focus

473

(1)

Keyboard Interpretation

474

(1)

Memory Allocation

475

(1)

Action Hooks and Calling Actions Directly

476

(1)

Xt Grabbing Functions

476

(1)

File Finding and Internationalization

477

(1)

Application Contexts

477

(3)

Multiple Application Contexts

479

(1)

Rewriting XtAppMainLoop for Multiple Application Contexts

479

(1)

Functions Used with Multiple Application Contexts

480

(1)

Multiple Top-level Shells

480

(1)

Connecting to Multiple Servers

481

(1)

Class Extension Structures

481

(2)

Using Editres in Xt Programming

483

(11)

A Tour of editres

483

(7)

editres as a Programmer's Tool

490

(1)

Adding editres Support to an Xt Application

490

(1)

Using editres to Understand the Structure of an Application

491

(1)

Using editres to Test or Debug a Widget

492

(1)

Testing a Widget's set_values Procedures

492

(1)

Testing a Widget's geometry_manager

493

(1)

Internationalization in the X Toolkit

494

(9)

String Encoding and Locale Dependencies in Xt

494

(1)

Establishing Locale in an Xt Application

494

(2)

XFontSet Resources

496

(1)

Other Xt Changes for Internationalization

496

(1)

Internationalization in Motif 1.2

497

(1)

Text Output

497

(1)

Text Input

498

(1)

Compound Text Conversion

498

(1)

_XmGetLocalized()

498

(1)

Summary

498

(5)

Appendix A Athena, OPEN LOOK, and Motif

503

(28)

A.1 The AT&T OPEN LOOK Widgets

507

(10)

A.1.1 Application Controls

508

(1)

A.1.1.1 Command Buttons

508

(2)

A.1.1.2 Exclusive and Nonexclusive Settings

510

(2)

A.1.1.3 Analog Controls

512

(1)

A.1.2 Composite Widgets

512

(1)

A.1.2.1 Menus and Control Areas

512

(1)

A.1.2.2 General Purpose Composite Widgets

513

(1)

A.1.2.3 Scrollbars and Scrollable Windows

513

(2)

A.1.3 Popups

515

(2)

A.1.4 Text Widgets

517

(1)

A.1.5 Drawing Areas

517

(1)

A.2 The OSF/Motif Widgets

517

(14)

A.2.1 Application Controls

520

(1)

A.2.1.1 Command Buttons

520

(1)

A.2.1.2 Analog Controls

521

(1)

A.2.2 Composite Widgets

521

(1)

A.2.2.1 Menus and Control Areas

521

(2)

A.2.2.2 General Purpose Composite Widgets

523

(1)

A.2.2.3 Scrollable Windows

524

(2)

A.2.3 Popups

526

(1)

A.2.4 Text Widgets

526

(1)

A.2.5 Drawing Areas

527

(4)

Appendix B Specifying Fonts and Colors

531

(24)

B.1 Color Specification

531

(5)

B.1.1 Color Names

531

(1)

B.1.2 Hexadecimal Color Specification

532

(1)

B.1.2.1 The RGB Color Model

533

(1)

B.1.2.2 How Many Colors are Available?

534

(2)

B.2 Font Specification

536

(6)

B.2.1 Font Naming Conventions

537

(1)

B.2.2 Font Name Wildcarding

538

(2)

B.2.3 Font Name Aliasing

540

(1)

B.2.4 Making the Server Aware of Aliases

541

(1)

B.2.5 The fonts.dir Files

542

(1)

B.3 Font Service

542

(2)

B.4 Scalable Fonts

544

(6)

B.4.1 Finding Scalable Fonts

545

(1)

B.4.2 Finding Derived Instances of Scalable Fonts

546

(2)

B.4.3 Using Scalable Fonts

548

(2)

B.5 Window Geometry

550

(5)

Appendix C Naming Conventions

555

(4)

Appendix D Release Notes

559

(8)

D.1 R4 to R5

559

(1)

D.2 Motif 1.1 to 1.2

560

(7)

D.2.1 Widget Changes

561

(1)

D.2.2 New Display and Screen Objects

562

(1)

D.2.3 Default Colors

562

(1)

D.2.4 Insensitive Visuals

563

(1)

D.2.5 Baseline Alignment

563

(1)

D.2.6 Geometry Management

563

(1)

D.2.7 Traversal

563

(1)

D.2.8 Representation Type Convenience Functions

563

(1)

D.2.9 caddr_t Changed to XtPointer

564

(1)

D.2.10 Mwm

564

(1)

D.2.11 UIL and Mrm

564

(3)

Appendix E The xbitmap Application

567

(26)

E.1 The BitmapEdit Widget

567

(13)

E.2 The BitmapEdiP.h Private Header File

580

(2)

E.3 The BitmapEdit.h Public Header File

582

(1)

E.4 xbitmap5

583

(10)

Appendix F Sources of Additional Information

593

(10)

F.1 Getting the X Software

593

(4)

F.1.1 Bug Fixes

594

(2)

F.1.1.1 Notes

596

(1)

F.1.1.2 Fairness

596

(1)

F.2 Netnews

597

(1)

F.3 Training, Consulting, and Support

597

(1)

F.4 The X Consortium

598

(1)

F.5 Finding Out for Yourself

599

(4)

Glossary

603

(22)

Master Index

625

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X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual for X11, Release 5

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials