Adapting to Globalization: Malaysia, South Africa, and the Challenges of Ethnic Redistribution With Growth

Globalization poses daunting challenges to state elites in the developing world. Caught between domestic expectations for state intervention to reduce inequalities on the one hand and global neo-liberal pressures for a liberalized economy on the other, the developing world bears the brunt of globalization's socially disruptive effects. For state elites in deeply divided societies like Malaysia and South Africa, the heightened potential for ethnic polarization makes the challenge twice as large. In both, state elites have sought to mitigate such polarization by embarking upon a program of ethnic redistribution with growth, that is, advancing subjugated ethnic majorities into the middle class through state intervention without fundamentally alienating the privileged ethnic minority upon whose economic dominance the process of social advance depends. However, what happens if globalization prevents state elites from employing ethnic redistribution with growth? How do these state elites attempt to retain their legitimacy and what happens if they do not succeed? Van der Westhuizen examines these issues by showing how state elites in Malaysia and apartheid South Africa successfully pursued ethnic redistribuiton with growth during the heydays of Keynesianism and Fordism and the complexity of such a strategy in the post-Cold War, post-Fordist world of the "competition state." He examines the ways in which Malaysia and South Africa have adapted to globalization by becoming "competition states" and the implication this process has for democratic consolidation. He provides a provocative analysis of particular interest to scholars, students, and researchers involved with development studies, international political economy, and comparative politics.

JANIS VAN DER WESTHUIZEN is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. He has co-edited South Africa's Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Change and published numerous articles and book chapters on South African foreign policy, state and non-state responses to globalization, the political economy of popular culture, and comparative politics of Southeast Asia and Southern Africa.