Against Reduction Designing a Human Future with Machines

Provocative, hopeful essays imagine a future that is not reduced to algorithms.

What is human flourishing in an age of machine intelligence, when many claim that the world’s most complex problems can be reduced to narrow technical questions? Does more computing make us more intelligent, or simply more computationally powerful? We need not always resist reduction; our ability to simplify helps us interpret complicated situations. The trick is to know when and how to do so. Against Reduction offers a collection of provocative and illuminating essays that consider different ways of recognizing and addressing the reduction in our approach to artificial intelligence, and ultimately to ourselves.

Inspired by a widely read manifesto by Joi Ito that called for embracing the diversity and irreducibility of the world, these essays offer persuasive and compelling variations on resisting reduction. Among other things, the writers draw on indigenous epistemology to argue for an extended “circle of relationships” that includes the nonhuman and robotic; cast “Snow White” as a tale of AI featuring a smart mirror; point out the cisnormativity of security protocol algorithms; map the interconnecting networks of so-called noncommunicable disease; and consider the limits of moral mathematics. Taken together, they show that we should push back against some of the reduction around us and do whatever is in our power to work toward broader solutions.

Noelani Arista is Associate Professor of Hawaiian and U.S. History at University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa. Sasha Costanza-Chock (they, them) is Associate Professor of Civic Media at MIT and the author of Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets (MIT Press). Kate Darling is a Research Specialist at the MIT Media Lab and a leading expert in robot ethics and policy. Vafa Ghazavi is a doctoral candidate and John Monash Scholar at Balliol College and Lecturer in Politics at Pembroke College at the University of Oxford. Kite aka Suzanne Kite is an Oglala Lakota performance artist, visual artist, and composer raised in Southern California. Cathryn Klusmeier is a writer based in Sitka, Alaska. Jason Edward Lewis is University Research Chair in Computational Media and the Indigenous Future Imaginary and Professor of Computation Arts at Concordia University. Archer Pechawis is a performance artist, new media artist, filmmaker, writer, curator, and educator with particular interest in the intersection of Plains Cree culture and digital technology. Jaclyn Sawyer is a citizen scholar, social worker, and data practitioner who leads the data team of a nonprofit that provides homeless outreach and housing opportunity. Gary Zhexi Zhang is an artist and writer, working in film, installation, and software. Snoweria Zhang is a designer, artist, and mathematician.

Introduction
Kate Darling
1 Making Kin with the Machines 1
Jason Edward Lewis, Noelani Arista, Archer Pechawis, and Suzanne Kite
2 The Wicked Queen's Smart Mirror 21
Snoweria Zhang
3 Design Justice, AI, and Escape from the Matrix of Domination 39
Sasha Costanza-Chock
4 The Fluid Boundaries of Noncommunicable Disease 61
Cathryn Klusmeier
5 What Social Work Got Right and Why It's Needed for Our (Technology) Evolution 81
Jaclyn Sawyer
6 Systems Seduction: The Aesthetics of Decentralization 97
Gary Zhexi Zhang
7 Systems Justice, AI, and the Moral Imagination 117
Vafa Ghazavi
Appendix 141
Contributors 155
Index 159