- ISBN: 9781602231757 | 1602231753
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 11/15/2012
Foreword to the Third Edition | p. xi |
Foreword to the Second Edition | p. xii |
Foreword to the First Edition | p. xiv |
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition | p. xv |
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition | p. xvi |
Acknowledgments to the First Edition | p. xvii |
The Federal Relationship to Alaska Natives | p. 1 |
The Federal-Native Relationship Generally | p. 1 |
A Unique Relationship | p. 1 |
Common Law Basis | p. 2 |
International Legal Principles | p. 6 |
Federal Plenary Power | p. 20 |
Defining the Relationship | p. 22 |
History of the Alaska Native Relationship | p. 24 |
Early Years (1867-1905) | p. 24 |
Middle Period (1904-1971) | p. 26 |
ANCSA and Its Effect | p. 33 |
The Modern Relationship | p. 40 |
The Abstract Relationship | p. 40 |
The Specific Aspects | p. 42 |
General Conclusions | p. 50 |
Aboriginal Title | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Generally | p. 54 |
The Rule of Discovery | p. 54 |
M'Intosh-The Exclusive Right of Purchase | p. 55 |
Worcester-Protection Against States and Others | p. 55 |
Three Elements | p. 56 |
The Obligation to Protect Aboriginal Title | p. 56 |
Common Law Principle | p. 56 |
The Statutory Requirements | p. 58 |
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Title | p. 60 |
Purchase and Conquest | p. 60 |
Congress and Its Intent | p. 60 |
Recognition and Other Rights to Compensation | p. 61 |
Recognized and Unrecognized Aboriginal Title | p. 61 |
Jurisdictional Acts | p. 61 |
Aboriginal Title in Alaska | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Treaty of 1867 | p. 62 |
The Obligation of Protection | p. 66 |
Preserving the Status Quo | p. 70 |
Events After Statehood | p. 72 |
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) | p. 75 |
Conclusion | p. 79 |
Reservations | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Alaska Pacific Fisheries v. United States | p. 81 |
General Principles | p. 82 |
Development and Decline of the Alaska Reservation Policy | p. 85 |
Eight Phases | p. 85 |
1891-1919-Metlakatla and the First Executive Order Reserves | p. 85 |
1920-1933-"Public Purpose" Reserves | p. 96 |
1936-1940-Application of the IRA to Alaska and the Small Reservation Policy | p. 98 |
1940-1943-Reversal of Policy and Creation of the Venetie Reserve | p. 100 |
1944-1952-The IRA Reserves: A Policy Frustrated | p. 100 |
1952-1960-Dormant Period | p. 108 |
1960-1971-Restrictions and Revocation | p. 108 |
Some Conclusions | p. 110 |
Trust Responsibility to Land Before ANCSA | p. 110 |
Trust Responsibility to Land After ANCSA | p. 111 |
Guardianship | p. 111 |
Native Allotments and Townsites | p. 113 |
Generally | p. 113 |
Allotments | p. 114 |
Allotment Policies | p. 114 |
Substantive Provisions of the Alaska Native Allotment Act | p. 120 |
Changing Alaska Allotment Policies | p. 121 |
From Trust to Restricted Status | p. 134 |
Allotment Administration | p. 136 |
Native Townsites | p. 141 |
Townsite Administration | p. 141 |
Federal Obligations | p. 144 |
Native Occupancy Rights | p. 146 |
Jurisdictional Issues | p. 152 |
General | p. 152 |
Federal Court Jurisdiction | p. 152 |
Effect of P.L. 280 | p. 153 |
Probate | p. 156 |
Federal Income Tax | p. 161 |
Condemnation | p. 162 |
Conclusion | p. 162 |
ANCSA: The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Background: ANCSA's Compromises | p. 167 |
ANCSA's Provisions | p. 170 |
Generally | p. 170 |
Land Allocations | p. 171 |
"Surface" and "Subsurface" | p. 174 |
Easements and Other Encumbrances | p. 174 |
The Monetary Settlement | p. 175 |
Post-ANCSA Institutions | p. 176 |
ANCSA's Evolution | p. 179 |
Generally | p. 179 |
Refinancing ANCSA (The NOLs) | p. 180 |
Growing ANCSA: 8(a) and Natural Resource Revenue | p. 183 |
Restructuring ANCSA | p. 185 |
Conclusions | p. 198 |
History of Alaska Natives Services | p. 199 |
Overview | p. 199 |
Bureau of Education-1884 to 1931 | p. 199 |
Bureau of Indian Affairs-1931 to Present | p. 201 |
Education | p. 201 |
History of Education in Alaska | p. 201 |
Status of Education in Alaska | p. 205 |
Federal Support for State Education | p. 209 |
Conclusion | p. 211 |
Economic Development | p. 211 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
Reindeer | p. 212 |
The Hydaburg Model Village | p. 215 |
Fish Canneries | p. 216 |
ANCSA and the Indian Financing Act | p. 218 |
Conclusion | p. 220 |
Welfare Benefits and Services | p. 221 |
Introduction | p. 221 |
Copper Center and Vicinity-1907 to 1910 | p. 221 |
The Snyder Act | p. 222 |
BIA Social Service Programs | p. 224 |
Conclusion | p. 229 |
Indian Health Service | p. 229 |
History (1868 to 1955) | p. 229 |
Native Health Conditions | p. 230 |
The Alaska Native Medical Center | p. 231 |
The Alaska Native Health Service | p. 232 |
The Indian Self-Determination Act | p. 232 |
The 1975 Enactment | p. 232 |
1988 Amendments | p. 233 |
1994 Amendments | p. 234 |
BIA and IHS Compacting | p. 235 |
Conclusion | p. 235 |
Native Entitlement to Services | p. 237 |
Introduction | p. 237 |
Three Legal Theories | p. 237 |
Authority and Obligation | p. 238 |
Sources of Federal Authority to Provide Human Services | p. 239 |
Generally | p. 239 |
Guardianship as a Source of Federal Authority | p. 239 |
Guardianship in Alaska | p. 242 |
The Snyder Act | p. 244 |
Conclusion | p. 245 |
Federal Social Service Obligations | p. 245 |
Executive Obligations | p. 245 |
Due Process | p. 246 |
Statutory Entitlement | p. 251 |
Beyond Due Process and Statutory Entitlement | p. 256 |
The Ruiz Approach | p. 256 |
The White v. Califano Approach | p. 256 |
Ruiz-Califano and the Transformation of Guardianship | p. 257 |
Indian Preferences | p. 258 |
Federal Indian Preference Legislation | p. 258 |
Federal Indian Preference Decisions | p. 258 |
ANCSA Preference | p. 260 |
Conclusion | p. 261 |
Describing the "Legal Relationship" | p. 261 |
Authority and Obligation | p. 261 |
ANCSA and Federal Obligations | p. 263 |
Subsistence in Alaska | p. 265 |
Protecting Subsistence Generally | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
"Subsistence" | p. 266 |
Subsistence Protection Alternatives | p. 267 |
Federal Preemption in Alaska | p. 270 |
General | p. 270 |
Preemptive Treaties | p. 271 |
Preemptive Statutes | p. 281 |
Trust Responsibility for Subsistence | p. 290 |
Subsistence and ANCSA | p. 291 |
Introduction | p. 291 |
The Effect of ANCSA | p. 291 |
Problems with State Protection | p. 292 |
ANILCA | p. 295 |
Subsistence on the Outer Continental Shelf | p. 315 |
The Subsistence Defense in Federal and State Criminal Prosecutions | p. 316 |
Possibilities for Tribal Control | p. 318 |
Introduction | p. 318 |
Exclusive Tribal Jurisdiction | p. 319 |
Exclusive State Jurisdiction | p. 319 |
Concurrent Jurisdiction | p. 320 |
Comanagement | p. 321 |
Conclusions | p. 324 |
Modern Alaska Native Governments and Organizations | p. 325 |
Introduction | p. 325 |
Governmental Organizations | p. 326 |
Generally | p. 326 |
Territorial and State Muncipalities | p. 326 |
Traditional and IRA Governments | p. 327 |
Tlingit and Haida Central Council | p. 335 |
Economic Profit Corporations | p. 341 |
Generally | p. 341 |
IRA Corporations | p. 341 |
ANCSA Corporations | p. 343 |
Nonprofit Development and Service Corporations | p. 345 |
Background | p. 345 |
Tanana Chiefs Conference | p. 347 |
Maniilaq Association | p. 353 |
General Conclusions | p. 357 |
Multiregional Political Organizations | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Alaska Native Brotherhood and Sisterhood | p. 358 |
Alaska Federation of Natives | p. 362 |
Tribal Advocacy Organizations | p. 365 |
Marine Mammal Commissions | p. 367 |
International Organizations | p. 369 |
Sovereignty: Alaska Native Self-Government | p. 373 |
Introduction | p. 373 |
The Meaning of "Sovereignty" | p. 373 |
Alaska Native Self-Government | p. 374 |
Native American Sovereignty in General | p. 376 |
The Interplay of History and Law | p. 376 |
Inherent Sovereignty-The Most Basic Principle | p. 377 |
Preemption and Infringement-Limits on the States | p. 378 |
Powers of Native Governments | p. 379 |
Vacillating Federal Policies | p. 381 |
Legal History of Alaska Native Sovereignty | p. 382 |
Early History | p. 382 |
Change in Status | p. 383 |
The Indian Reorganization Act | p. 384 |
Tribal Political Status | p. 387 |
ANCSA and Subsequent Events | p. 389 |
General Observations | p. 389 |
The Juridiction Problem | p. 391 |
Other Aspects of Sovereignty | p. 392 |
The Cultural Aspect | p. 394 |
State and Native Jurisdiction in Alaska | p. 395 |
Jurisdiction in General | p. 395 |
Jurisdiction over Territory: The "Indian Country" Question | p. 397 |
Jurisdiction over Persons and Property | p. 399 |
Subject Matter Jurisdiction | p. 400 |
Delegation and Other Expansions of Subject Matter Jurisdiction | p. 405 |
P.L. 280 | p. 406 |
Sovereign Immunity | p. 410 |
Labor and Discrimination Laws | p. 418 |
"Recognition" | p. 421 |
Basic Principles | p. 421 |
Federal Judical Recognition | p. 422 |
Federal Administrative Recognition | p. 425 |
Federal Legislative Recognition | p. 427 |
The State and Recognition | p. 432 |
Consultation | p. 435 |
Conclusion | p. 436 |
Tribal Courts | p. 437 |
Tribal Court Roots | p. 437 |
Tribal Court Jurisdiction | p. 437 |
The Operation of Tribal Courts in Alaska | p. 438 |
Tribal Land Transfers | p. 441 |
Conclusion | p. 442 |
Bibliography | p. 445 |
Table of Cases, Statutes, Regulations, and Materials | p. 457 |
Opinions Cited | p. 457 |
Cases Cited | p. 458 |
Selected Statutes, Regulations, and Materials | p. 470 |
Index | p. 477 |
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