Beginning to Read : Thinking and Learning about Print
, by Adams, Marilyn Jager- ISBN: 9780262510769 | 0262510766
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/3/1994
Beginning to Readreconciles the debate that has divided theorists for decades over the "right" way to help children learn to read. Drawing on a rich array of research on the nature and development of reading proficiency, Adams shows educators that they need not remain trapped in the phonics versus teaching-for-meaning dilemma. She proposes that phonics can work together with the whole language approach to teaching reading and provides an integrated treatment of the knowledge and process involved in skillful reading, the issues surrounding their acquisition, and the implications for reading instruction. A Bradford Book
Marilyn Adams is a researcher working in the field of cognition and education and recipient of the American Educational Research Association's Sylvia Scribner Award.
Forward: How I Came to Know About Beginning to Read | |
Introduction | |
Putting Word Recognition in Perspective | |
Operation of the Reading System | |
Acquisition of the Reading System | |
Organization of the Book | |
Reading Words and Meaning: From an Age-Old Problem to a Contemporary Crisis | |
The Purposes versus the Methods of Writing | |
From Pictures to Logograms | |
From Logograms to Syllabaries | |
The Alphabet | |
Reading Instruction in the United States | |
From Colonial Times | |
The Evolution of Meaning-First Curricula | |
An Angry Protest | |
The Aftermath | |
Toward the Future | |
Why Phonics? | |
Program Comparisons (And, by the Way, What Is Phonics?) | |
Jeanne Chall and The Great Debate | |
The Setting | |
The Proposal | |
From the Authorities | |
From the Texts | |
From the Classrooms | |
From the Research | |
The Message | |
Other Program Comparisons | |
The USOE Cooperative Research Program | |
Follow Through | |
A Quantitative Synthesis | |
Summary of the Program Comparisons | |
Exactly What Is Good about Phonic Instruction? | |
How Much Is the Right Amount? | |
What Do Phonic Programs Teach? | |
Where Does This Leave Us? | |
One More Possibility | |
Research on Prereaders | |
What About Mental Age? | |
What about Perceptual Skills? | |
Knowing Letters | |
Phonemic Awareness | |
Why Is Phonemic Awareness a Problem? | |
Phonemic Segmentation Tasks | |
Phoneme Manipulation Tasks | |
Syllable-Splitting Tasks | |
Blending Tasks | |
Oddity Tasks | |
Knowledge of Nursery Rhymes | |
Summary: Phonemic Awareness | |
Where Do Prereading Skills Come From? Early Experience with Print | |
What Needs to Be Taught? Hints from Skilled Readers | |
Outside-In Models of Reading: What Skilled Readers Look Like They Do | |
Word Shape Cues | |
Sophisticated Guessing | |
Comprehension as Hypothesis-Testing | |
Semantic Preprocessing | |
Sounding Words Out | |
Summary | |
Analyzing the Reading Process: Orthographic Processing | |
Skilled Readers Look at the Letters and See Letter Patterns | |
The Importance of Automatic Letter Recognition | |
What Else Do the Letter Associations Do for Us? | |
Processing Letter Order | |
Breaking Words into Syllables | |
Syllabic Cues from Consonants | |
Syllabic Cues from Vowels | |
All Together: Consonants, Vowels, and Spelling Patterns | |
Seeing Syllables | |
Learning about Likely and Unlikely Letter Sequences | |
Summary and Instructional Implications | |
Analyzing the Reading Process: Use and Uses of Meaning | |
The Relationship between Meaning and Orthography | |
The Context Processor | |
Contextual Facilitation and Word Recognition | |
Contextual Facilitation and Comprehension | |
The Meaning Processor | |
Acquiring Concepts | |
Acquiring the Meanings of New Words | |
Strategic Use of Context Should Be Taught | |
Vocabulary Instruction | |
Importance of Learning New Words from Context | |
Meaningfulness and Orthographic Knowledge | |
Knowledge about Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Stems | |
Instructional Implications | |
Adding the Phonological Processor: How the Whole System Works Together | |
The Nature of the Phonological Processor | |
The Importance of Phonological Processing in Reading | |
Interactions among All Three Processors: The Alphabetic Backup System | |
Orthographic Processing | |
Vulnerabilities of the Orthographic Processor | |
Compensating for Orthographic Difficulties | |
Phonological Processing | |
Vulnerabilities of the Phonological Processor | |
Compensating for Phonological Difficulties | |
Processing Meaning | |
Vulnerabilities of the Meaning Processor | |
Remediating the Meaning Processor's Weaknesses | |
Summary: Interactions between Processors | |
Supporting the Reader's Running Memory for Text | |
Summary: The Importance of Phonological Processing | |
Thinking, Learning, and Reading | |
The Nature of Learning (Words or Otherwise) | |
The Structure of Knowledge | |
Comparisons of Connectionist Theories with Others | |
The Relation of Knowledge to Thought and Understanding | |
The Relevance to Word Recognition | |
Encoding the Parts versus the Associations between Them | |
What Are the "Parts" (and the "Parts" of the "Parts")? | |
What About Rules? | |
On the Goals of Print Instruction: What Do We Want Students to Learn? | |
The Importance of Phonological Processing in Learning to Read | |
Independence and "Self-Teaching" | |
Remembering the Order and Identities of Letters | |
Building Orthographic Associations through Oral Communication | |
Spelling-Sound versus Spelling-Meaning Relationships | |
The Importance of Automatic Word Recognition | |
Learning to Attend to Spellings and Meanings | |
Learning How to Read | |
On Teaching Phonics First | |
Teaching Individual Letter-Sound Correspondences | |
The Right Amount of Practice | |
How Many Pairs Must Be Learned? | |
Which Correspondences Should Be Taught? | |
The Teaching of Individual Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondences | |
Establish the Alphabetic Principle | |
Phonemic Accessibility | |
Referential Clarity | |
Graphemes with Multiple Sounds | |
Summary: Teaching Individual Letter-Sound Relationships | |
Phonic Generalizations | |
Evaluating Phonic Generalizations | |
Pronunciation of Consonants | |
Accentuation of Syllables | |
Division of Syllables | |
Pronunciation of Vowels | |
Summary: Phonic Generalizations | |
Reading Connected Text | |
Summary: Phonics and Connected Reading | |
Phonological Prerequisites: Becoming Aware of Spoken Words, Syllables, and Phonemes | |
Levels of Linguistic Awareness | |
Becoming Aware of Spoken Words | |
Becoming Aware of Spoken Syllables | |
Becoming Aware of Phonemes | |
Between Syllables and Phonemes: Onsets and Rimes | |
Psychology versus Acoustics | |
What Are Onsets and Rimes? | |
Evidence for the Psychological Reality of Onsets and Rimes | |
Sensitivity to Onsets and Rimes: Nature versus Experience | |
Naturalistic Evidence for Onsets and Rimes | |
The Instructional Prospects of Onsets and Rimes | |
The Visual Salience of Onsets and Rimes | |
The Utility of Rimes in the Development of Vowel Generalizations | |
Other Instructional Considerations | |
Putting It All Together | |
Learning about Print: The First Steps | |
Becoming Aware of the Nature of Print | |
From the Child's Vantage Point | |
From Our Vantage Point | |
Summary: Print Awareness | |
Becoming Aware of Words in Print | |
Becoming Aware that Printed Words Consist of Letters | |
Learning the Visual Identities of the Individual Letters | |
What's Hard about Learning Letter Identities? | |
Encoding the Characters | |
How Are Letter Identities Taught in School? | |
Teaching Visual Recognition with the Help of Letter Names | |
Teaching Letters through Sounds Instead | |
Learning Letters through Writing, Copying, and Tracing | |
Uppercase and Lowercase Letters | |
How Are Letter Identities Most Often Learned? | |
Summary: Learning Letters | |
The Value of Pictures | |
Pictures as Aids for Word Recognition | |
Pictures as Support for Comprehension and Interest | |
Fostering Awareness of Print | |
Sharing Books with Children | |
Language Experience Activities | |
Summary: Print Preliminaries | |
To Reading from Writing | |
Early Spelling and Phonemic Awareness | |
Teaching Phonetic Spellings to Children | |
Letting Children Invent Spellings | |
Pedagogical Issues | |
Learning How to Spell Correctly | |
The Relation between Reading and Spelling Skills | |
Directing Students' Attention to Spellings | |
The Influence of Spelling on the Perception of Phonology and Meaning | |
Summary: Learning How to Spell Correctly | |
Beyond Spelling | |
Summary and Conclusion | |
The Proper Place of Phonics | |
The System in Review | |
Phonics and Reading Instruction | |
Afterword | |
References | |
Name Index | |
Subject Index | |
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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