Chemistry of Hazardous Materials

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ISBN: 9780835951753 | 0835951758
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/1997

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This revised third edition has been thoroughly updated to fully address the specific needs of firefighters and other professionals who deal with hazardous materials. This text encompasses the key aspects of safely handling hazardous materials and the response actions to be implemented during hazardous transportation mishaps and other disasters.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

1 INTRODUCTION

(47)

1-1 Role of Fire Throughout History

(8)

1-2 Why Study Chemistry in Fire Science?

(1)

1-3 General Characteristics of Hazardous Materials

(1)

1-4 Classes of Fire

(1)

1-5 Hazardous Materials within Household Products

(5)

1-6 Hazardous Constituents of Pollutants and Wastes

(2)

1-7 Hazardous Substances in the Workplace

(14)

1-8 Hazardous Materials in Transit

(1)

1-9 Hazardous Substances within Communities

(1)

1-10 NFPA System of Identifying Potential Hazards

(3)

1-11 CHEMTREC

(2)

1-12 National Response Center

(1)

1-13 Accessing Hazardous Materials Information on the Internet

(1)

Review Exercises

(8)

2 SOME FEATURES OF MATTER AND ENERGY

(43)

2-1 Matter Defined

(2)

2-2 Units of Measurement

(4)

2-3 Converting Between Units of the Same Kind

(2)

2-4 Density of Matter

(5)

2-5 Energy

(1)

2-6 Temperature and Its Measurement

(4)

2-7 Pressure and Its Measurement

(4)

2-8 Heat and Its Transmission

(4)

2-9 Calculation of Heat

(4)

2-10 Expansion of Liquids

(1)

2-11 General Properties of the Gaseous State

(2)

2-12 General Hazards of Cryogens

(4)

2-13 Review Exercises

(6)

3 FLAMMABLE GASES AND FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

(47)

3-1 Flammability

(3)

3-2 RCRA Characteristic of Ignitability

(2)

3-3 Storage and Transport of Compressed Gases

(3)

3-4 General Hazards of Compressed Gases

(6)

3-5 Responding to Disasters Involving Compressed Gases

105

(2)

3-6 Storage of Flammable Liquids

107

(15)

3-7 Transport of Flammable Liquids

122

(2)

3-8 Responding to Disasters Involving Flammable Liquids

124

(7)

Review Exercises

131

(7)

4 CHEMICAL FORMS OF MATTER

138

(32)

4-1 Elements and Compounds

138

(3)

4-2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

141

(1)

4-3 Chemical and Physical Changes

142

(1)

4-4 Some Basic Features of Atoms

143

(2)

4-5 The Periodic Classification of the Elements

145

(3)

4-6 Molecules and Ions

148

(1)

4-7 The Nature of Chemical Bonding

149

(1)

4-8 Lewis Symbols

150

(1)

4-9 Ionic Bonding

151

(1)

4-10 Covalent Bonding

152

(2)

4-11 Ionic and Covalent Compounds

154

(1)

4-12 The Chemical Formula

155

(1)

4-13 Writing Chemical Formulas and Naming Ionic Compounds

156

(4)

4-14 Some Chemical Formulas and Names of Covalent Compounds

160

(2)

4-15 Naming Acids

162

(1)

4-16 Molecular Weights, Formulas Weights, and the Mole

163

(1)

Review Exercises

164

(6)

5 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

170

(34)

5-1 The Chemical Reaction

170

(1)

5-2 Balancing Simple Equations

171

(2)

5-3 Types of Chemical Reactions

173

(2)

5-4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

175

(2)

5-5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

177

(4)

5-6 Combustion and the Energetics of Chemical Reactions

181

(2)

5-7 Spontaneous Combustion

183

(1)

5-8 The RCRA Characteristic of Reactivity

184

(1)

5-9 The Fire Tetrahedron

185

(3)

5-10 Water As a Fire Extinguisher

188

(2)

5-11 Carbon Dioxide As a Fire Extinguisher

190

(4)

5-12 Halons As Fire Extinguishers

194

(3)

5-13 Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers

197

(2)

Review Exercises

199

(5)

6 ASPECTS OF THE DOT HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS

204

(45)

6-1 The Shipping Paper

204

(17)

6-2 Location of a Shipping Paper During Transit

221

(2)

6-3 Transporting Hazardous Materials by Watercraft

223

(1)

6-4 DOT Labels

224

(2)

6-5 DOT Markings

226

(2)

6-6 DOT Placards

228

(2)

6-7 DOT Classification of Hazardous Materials

230

(11)

6-8 Responding to Disasters Involving Hazardous Materials

241

(2)

6-9 Reporting the Release of Hazardous Substances

243

(3)

Review Exercises

246

(3)

7 CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON ELEMENTS

249

(38)

7-1 Oxygen

249

(7)

7-2 Hydrogen

256

(8)

7-3 Fluorine

264

(1)

7-4 Chlorine

265

(6)

7-5 Phosphorus

271

(4)

7-6 Sulphur

275

(2)

7-7 Carbon

277

(6)

Review Exercises

283

(4)

8 CHEMISTRY OF SOME CORROSIVE MATERIALS

287

(34)

8-1 The Nature of Acids and Bases

287

(3)

8-2 The pH Scale

290

(2)

8-3 Properties of Acids and Bases

292

(1)

8-4 Acids and Bases As Corrosive Materials

293

(3)

8-5 Sulfuric Acid

296

(3)

8-6 Nitric Acid

299

(2)

8-7 Hydrochloric Acid

301

(2)

8-8 Perchloric Acid

303

(1)

8-9 Hydrofluoric Acid

304

(2)

8-10 Phosphoric Acid

306

(1)

8-11 Acetic Acid

307

(1)

8-12 Alkaline Metal Hydroxides

308

(2)

8-13 Federal Legislation Regarding Corrosive Materials

310

(1)

8-14 Responding to Disasters Involving Corrosive Materials

310

(5)

Review Exercises

315

(6)

9 CHEMISTRY OF SOME WATER-REACTIVE SUBSTANCES

321

(29)

9-1 When Is a Substance Water-Reactive?

321

(1)

9-2 Alkali Metals

322

(7)

9-3 Combustible Metals

329

(6)

9-4 Aluminum Alkyl Compounds

335

(4)

9-5 Metallic Hydrides

339

(1)

9-6 Metallic Phosphides

339

(1)

9-7 Metallic Carbides

340

(2)

9-8 Water-Reactive Substances that Produce Hydrogen Chloride

342

(3)

9-9 Water-Reactive Compounds that Produce Acetic Acid

345

(2)

Review Exercises

347

(3)

10 CHEMISTRY OF SOME TOXIC SUBSTANCES

350

(51)

10-1 What Are Toxic Substances?

350

(4)

10-2 How Toxic Substances Enter the Body

354

(2)

10-3 How Toxic Substances Adversely Impact Health

356

(1)

10-4 Factors Affecting Toxicity

357

(3)

10-5 Measuring Toxicity

360

(3)

10-6 Toxicity of the Fire Scene

363

(4)

10-7 Carbon Monoxide

367

(3)

10-8 Hydrogen Cyanide

370

(2)

10-9 Sulfur Dioxide

372

(1)

10-10 Hydrogen Sulfide

373

(1)

10-11 Nitrogen Dioxide

374

(2)

10-12 Ammonia

376

(3)

10-13 Responding to Disasters Involving Toxic Substances

379

(8)

10-14 Poisonous Metals

387

(1)

10-15 Asbestos

388

(4)

10-16 Pesticides

392

(2)

10-17 Protection from Exposure to Toxic Substances

394

(3)

Review Exercises

397

(4)

11 CHEMISTRY OF SOME OXIDIZERS

401

(33)

11-1 What Is an Oxidizer?

401

(1)

11-2 Oxidation Numbers

402

(1)

11-3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

403

(2)

11-4 Common Features of Oxidizers

405

(4)

11-5 Hydrogen Peroxide

409

(2)

11-6 Hypochlorite Oxidizers

411

(1)

11-7 Oxidizers in Fireworks

412

(4)

11-8 Oxidizing Ammonium Compounds

416

(5)

11-9 Oxidizing Chromium Compounds

421

(1)

11-10 Sodium Permanganate and Potassium Permanganate

422

(1)

11-11 Metallic Nitrites and Nitrates

423

(2)

11-12 Metallic Peroxides

425

(1)

11-13 Sodium Persulfate and Potassium Persulfate

426

(1)

11-14 Chemistry of Matches

427

(2)

11-15 Responding to Disasters Involving Oxidizers

429

(2)

Review Exercises

431

(3)

12 CHEMISTRY OF SOME HAZARDOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

434

(61)

12-1 What Are Organic Compounds?

434

(2)

12-2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

436

(10)

12-3 Gaseous Hydrocarbon Products

446

(6)

12-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

452

(5)

12-5 Petroleum and Petroleum Products

457

(4)

12-6 Functional Groups

461

(1)

12-7 Halogenated Hydrocarbons

462

(5)

12-8 Alcohols

467

(5)

12-9 Ethers

472

(4)

12-10 Aldehydes and Ketones

476

(2)

12-11 Organic Acids

478

(1)

12-12 Esters

479

(1)

12-13 Amines

480

(2)

12-14 Peroxo-Organic Compounds

482

(6)

12-15 Carbon Disulfide

488

(1)

Review Exercises

489

(6)

13 CHEMISTRY OF SOME POLYMERIC MATERIALS

495

(32)

13-1 What Are Polymers?

495

(1)

13-2 Polymerization

496

(7)

13-3 Autopolymerization

503

(3)

13-4 Combustion of Polymers

506

(4)

13-5 Vegetable and Animal Fibers

510

(3)

13-6 Vinyl Polymers

513

(5)

13-7 Polyurethane

518

(2)

13-8 Natural and Synthetic Rubber

520

(4)

Review Exercises

524

(3)

14 CHEMISTRY OF SOME EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

527

(28)

14-1 General Characteristics of Explosive Materials

527

(3)

14-2 Classification of Explosive Materials and Blasting Agents

530

(3)

14-3 Storing Explosive Materials

533

(1)

14-4 Chemical Explosives and DOT Regulations

534

(5)

14-5 Black Powder

539

(1)

14-6 Nitroglycerin

539

(1)

14-7 Dynamite

540

(2)

14-8 Nitrocellulose

542

(1)

14-9 Trinitrotoluene

543

(2)

14-10 Cyclonite

545

(1)

14-11 Tetryl

546

(1)

14-12 PETN

547

(1)

14-13 Primary Explosives

548

(1)

14-14 Responding to Disasters Involving Explosive Materials

548

(5)

Review Exercises

553

(2)

15 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

555

(32)

15-1 Features of Atomic Nuclei

556

(3)

15-2 Types of Radiation and Modes of Nuclear Decay

559

(4)

15-3 Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity

563

(3)

15-4 Adverse Effects Caused by Exposure to Radiation

566

(3)

15-5 Effects of Ionizing Radiation upon Matter

569

(2)

15-6 Nuclear Fission

571

(5)

15-7 Transporting Radioactive Materials

576

(4)

15-8 Responding to Disasters Involving Radioactive Materials

580

(2)

15-9 Radon

582

(2)

Review Exercises

584

(3)

GLOSSARY

587

(16)

SUBJECT INDEX

603

(7)

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INDEX

610

(4)

TABLE OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS

614

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Chemistry of Hazardous Materials

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials