Constitutional Civil Rights in a Nutshell

Convenient and reliable source on constitutional civil rights. Written by a leading authority, Vieira's Constitutional Civil Rights provides comprehensive coverage on procedural and substantive due process; the right to be heard; suspect classification; specific interests; state action; and congressional enforcement. Text also addresses the essential issue of state action.

PREFACE

III

Chapter I. Introduction

1

(6)

1. The Privileges or Immunities Clause

1

(2)

2. The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States

3

(4)

Chapter II. Substantive Due Process

7

(33)

3. The Constitutionalization of "Natural Rights"

7

(4)

From Lochner to Ferguson

7

(3)

Defects of Lochner

10

(1)

4. "Alternatives" to Substantive Due Process

11

(4)

The Penumbra of the Bill of Rights

11

(2)

The Ninth Amendment

13

(2)

5. The New Substantive Due Process

15

(5)

Roe v. Wade

15

(2)

The Distinction Between Personal and Economic Freedoms

17

(2)

The Standard of Review in Lochner and Roe

19

(1)

6. Scope of the New Due Process

20

(9)

Consensual Homosexuality

22

(4)

The "Right to Die"

26

(3)

7. Post-Roe Restrictions on Abortion

29

(11)

Consent

29

(1)

Public Funding

30

(3)

Informational Requirements

33

(1)

Webster and Casey

34

(6)

Chapter III. Procedural Due Process: The Right to Be Heard

40

(24)

8. Introduction

40

(1)

9. When Due Process Applies

41

(5)

10. The Seizure of Property

46

(5)

11. Protection of Liberty

51

(3)

12. Public Employment

54

(3)

13. What Process is Due?

57

(3)

14. Irrebuttable Presumptions

60

(4)

Chapter IV. Equal Protection: Suspect Classifications

64

(81)

15. Introduction

64

(1)

16. Discrimination Against Racial Minorities

65

(5)

17. The Separate-But-Equal Doctrine

70

(2)

18. Brown and Its Progeny

72

(3)

19. Implementing Brown

75

(3)

The First Fifteen Years of Deliberate Speed

75

(2)

"Evasive Schemes

77

(1)

20. Swann v. Board of Education

78

(11)

The Ambiguities of Swann

80

(3)

Swann's Impact on Northern Schools

83

(4)

Congressional Reaction to Swann

87

(1)

State Legislation Against Busing

87

(2)

21. Non-Areawide Segregation

89

(4)

Partial Segregation of a Single District

90

(1)

Partial Segregation of a Multi-District Area

90

(3)

22. De Facto Segregation

93

(3)

23. Preferential Treatment of Racial Minorities

96

(17)

Early Decisions

96

(6)

From Bakke to Adarand

102

(8)

General Policy Considerations

110

(3)

24. Sex Discrimination

113

(18)

The Standard of Review

113

(9)

Compensatory Treatment

122

(5)

Family Rights

127

(2)

The Equal Rights Amendment and Unique Physical Characteristics

129

(2)

25. Differential Treatment of Indians

131

(1)

26. Wealth and Age Classifications

132

(2)

27. Discrimination Against Aliens

134

(4)

28. Illegitimacy

138

(7)

Chapter V. Equal Protection: The Focus on Specific Interests

145

(39)

29. Introduction

145

(1)

30. Voting

146

(8)

Developing the Standard of Review

146

(2)

Property Qualifications

148

(1)

Durational Residence Requirements

149

(1)

Disqualification for Alleged Crimes

150

(1)

Ballot Access and Party Affiliation

150

(3)

Campaign Financing

153

(1)

31. The Right to Travel

154

(5)

32. Access to Criminal and Civil Justice

159

(5)

Criminal Appeals

159

(3)

Civil Justice

162

(2)

33. Defining "Fundamental" Interests

164

(7)

34. The Requirement of Rationality

171

(6)

The Traditional Standard

171

(1)

Variations on the Traditional Rule

172

(3)

The "Newer Equal Protection

175

(2)

35. Reapportionment

177

(7)

The Rule of Reynolds v. Sims

177

(1)

Applicability of the Equal-Vote Principle

178

(1)

Permissible Departures From Mathematical Equality

179

(2)

Gerrymandering

181

(3)

Chapter VI. State Action

184

(27)

36. Introduction

184

(2)

37. The Performance of "Public Functions"

186

(8)

The White Primary Cases

186

(1)

Access to Private Property

187

(3)

The Rationale and Vitality of Public Function Analysis

190

(4)

38. Judicial Enforcement of Private Discrimination

194

(4)

39. Significant State Involvement

198

(13)

The Burton Case

198

(1)

Encouraging or Aiding Private Action

199

(7)

Regulation and Licensing

206

(3)

The Elasticity of the Involvement Concept

209

(2)

Chapter VII. Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights

211

(41)

40. Introduction

211

(1)

41. Congressional Implementation of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights

212

(4)

42. Congressional Modification of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights

216

(5)

43. Congressional Power Over Private Discrimination

221

(5)

44. Civil Rights Legislation in the Post-Brown Era

226

(3)

45. Regulating Discrimination in Employment

229

(15)

Purposeful Discrimination

229

(6)

Proof, Remedies and Procedures

235

(5)

Discriminatory Impact

240

(4)

46. The Reconstruction Statutes

244

(8)

Chapter VIII. Actions Under 42 U.S.C.A. XXX 1983

252

(20)

47. Personal Liability

252

(6)

The Monroe Case

252

(2)

Official Immunities

254

(2)

Federal Officials

256

(1)

Sifting Out Insubstantial Claims

257

(1)

48. Municipal Liability

258

(4)

49. Protected Interests

262

(2)

50. The Relationship Between State Law and 1983

264

(4)

"Deficiencies" in Federal Law

264

(2)

Habeas Corpus and Res Judicata

266

(1)

Release-Dismissal Agreements

267

(1)

51. Attorney's Fees

268

(4)

APPENDIX: SELECTED CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS

272

(51)

INDEX

323

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Constitutional Civil Rights in a Nutshell

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials