Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534629199 | 0534629199
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/3/2004

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Part One: FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. 1. Individual Rights Under the United States Constitution. 2. Criminal Courts and Criminal Trials. 3. Basic Underlying Concepts: The Exclusionary Rule, Privacy, Probable Cause, and Reasonableness. Part Two: ARRESTS, SEARCH WARRANTS, STOPS, AND FRISKS. 4. Arrest. 5. Search Warrants. 6. Stops and Frisks. Part Three: EXCEPTIONS TO THE SEARCH WARRANT REQUIREMENT. 7. Search Incident to Arrest. 8. Consent Searches. 9. The Plain View Doctrine. 10. Search and Seizure of Vehicles and Containers. 11. Open Fields and Abandoned Property. Part Four: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND THE FIFTH AND SIXTH AMENDMENTS. 12. Admissions and Confessions. 13. Pretrial Identification Procedures.

Preface

xvi

Introduction

xxi

PART I Framework for the Study of Criminal Procedure

(150)

Chapter 1 Individual Rights under the United States Constitution

(38)

History

(2)

The Original Constitution

(1)

The Bill of Rights

(3)

Individual Rights in the Original Constitution

(2)

Individual Rights in the Bill of Rights

(22)

Amendment I

(5)

Freedom of Religion

(2)

Freedom of Speech

(1)

Freedom of the Press

(1)

The Right to Assembly and Petition

(1)

Am I Liable?

(1)

Amendment II

(1)

Amendment III

(1)

Amendment IV

(1)

Amendment V

(5)

Indictment by Grand Jury

(1)

Freedom from Double Jeopardy

(2)

Privilege against Self-Incrimination

(1)

The Right to Due Process

(1)

The Right to Just Compensation

(1)

Amendment VI

(4)

The Right to a Speedy and Public Trial

(1)

Trial by an Impartial Jury

(1)

The Right to Notice of Changes

(1)

The Right to Confrontation of Witnesses

(1)

Guarantee of Compulsory Process

(1)

The Right to Representation by Counsel

(2)

Amendment VII

(1)

Amendment VIII

(2)

The Right to Bail

(1)

Freedom from Cruel and Unusual Punishment

(1)

Amendment IX

(1)

Amendment X

(1)

Later Amendments Dealing with Individual Rights

(1)

Amendment XIII

(1)

Amendment XIV

(1)

The Right to Due Process

(1)

The Right to Equal Protection of the Laws

(1)

Amendment XV

(1)

Amendment XIX

(1)

Amendment XXVI

(1)

Amendment XXIV

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet References

(5)

Chapter 2 Criminal Courts and Criminal Trials

(50)

Structure of the Court System

(5)

Federal Courts

(3)

State Courts

(1)

Preliminary Proceedings

(6)

The Complaint

(3)

Affidavits

(1)

Warrant or Summons Issued on the Complaint

(1)

Initial Appearance before the Magistrate

(1)

Preliminary Hearing

(2)

Indictment and Information

(6)

Sufficiency of the Indictment

(1)

Joinder and Severance

(1)

Duplicity and Multiplicity

(1)

Prosecutorial Discretion

(1)

Grand Jury

(1)

Waiver of Indictment

(1)

Warrant or Summons Issued on the Indictment

(1)

Arraignment and Preparation for Trial

(9)

Pleas

(3)

Plea Bargaining

(1)

Motions

(1)

Depositions

(1)

Discovery

(2)

Subpoena

(1)

Competency to Stand Trial

(2)

Venue

(1)

The Trial

(7)

Trial without a Jury

(1)

Selection of Jurors

(3)

Presentation of Evidence

(2)

Closing Arguments

(1)

Instructions to the Jury

(1)

Verdict

(1)

Sentence and Judgment

(4)

Posttrial Motions

(1)

Remedies after Conviction

(4)

Appeal

(2)

Habeas Corpus

(2)

Summary

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet References

(4)

Chapter 3 Basic Underlying Concepts: The Exclusionary Rule, Privacy, Probable Cause, and Reasonableness

(61)

Exclusionary Rule

(14)

Federal-State Conflict

(2)

Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule

(1)

Criticism of the Exclusionary Rule

(1)

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

(4)

Good-Faith Exception

101

(3)

Standing

104

(1)

Case in Point

105

(1)

Privacy

106

(4)

Probable Cause

110

(29)

Definition

110

(3)

Information Obtained through the Officer's Own Senses

113

(1)

Am I Liable?

114

(5)

Case in Point

119

(2)

Information Obtained by the Officer through Informants

121

(7)

Corroboration

128

(5)

Totality-of-the-Circumstances Test

133

(2)

Case in Point

135

(4)

Reasonableness

139

(2)

Summary

141

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

142

(1)

Legal Scenarios

143

(4)

Internet References

147

(4)

PART II Arrest, Search Warrants, Stops, and Frisks

151

(192)

Chapter 4 Arrest

152

(56)

Definition of Formal Arrest

154

(3)

Intention to Arrest

155

(1)

Real or Pretended Authority

155

(1)

Detention or Restraint

155

(1)

Understanding by the Arrestee

156

(1)

Seizures of the Person Tantamount to an Arrest

157

(2)

Arrest Authority under a Warrant

159

(9)

Arrest Warrant

160

(1)

Complaint

160

(1)

Probable Cause

161

(1)

Requirements of an Arrest Warrant

162

(2)

Summons

164

(4)

Arrest Authority without a Warrant

168

(3)

Misdemeanors

168

(2)

Felonies

170

(1)

Effecting a Formal Arrest

171

(5)

Notice

172

(1)

Time of Day

172

(1)

Assistance

172

(1)

Discretion

173

(1)

Executing an Arrest Warrant

173

(1)

Case in Point

174

(2)

Place of Arrest

176

(3)

Authority to Arrest as a Private Citizen

176

(1)

Authority to Arrest in Fresh Pursuit

177

(2)

Use of Force

179

(4)

Felony Arrests

179

(1)

Misdemeanor Arrests

180

(1)

Self-Defense

180

(1)

Am I Liable?

181

(1)

Resisting Arrest

181

(2)

Entry of Dwellings

183

(6)

Entry of a Suspect's Home

183

(1)

Entry of a Third Person's Home

184

(1)

Exigent Circumstances

185

(2)

Forced Entry

187

(2)

Disposition of an Arrested Person

189

(6)

Booking

190

(1)

Initial Appearance before the Magistrate

190

(1)

Safety Considerations

191

(1)

Protection and Welfare of an Arrested Person

192

(1)

Station-House Search

192

(1)

Identification and Examination of an Arrested Person

193

(2)

Effect of Illegal Arrest

195

(2)

Summary

197

(2)

Review and Discussion Questions

199

(5)

Legal Scenarios 200 Internet References

204

(4)

Chapter 5 Search Warrants

208

(76)

History

210

(2)

Definition

212

(1)

Obtaining a Search Warrant

212

(18)

Who May Issue Search Warrants

212

(1)

Grounds for Issuance

213

(13)

Securing a Dwelling While a Warrant is Being Sought

226

(1)

Anticipatory Search Warrants

227

(1)

Redaction of Search Warrants

228

(2)

Contents of the Warrant

230

(1)

Execution of the Warrant

230

(17)

Who May Execute

230

(1)

Time Considerations

231

(4)

Knock-and-Announce Requirement

235

(4)

Covert Entry ("Sneak and Peek") Warrants

239

(1)

Case in Point

240

(1)

Search and Seizure of Third Persons and Their Property

241

(2)

Scope of the Search

243

(1)

Am I Liable?

244

(2)

Seizure of Items Not Named in the Warrant

246

(1)

Duties after Search Is Completed

247

(1)

Administrative Search Warrants

247

(4)

Exceptions to Warrant Requirement

248

(1)

Distinction between Administrative and Criminal Searches

249

(2)

"Special Needs" Searches

251

(5)

Searches of Students

252

(1)

Searches of Government Employees

253

(1)

Governmental Drug Testing

254

(2)

Searches of Probationers

256

(1)

Warrants for Electronic Surveillance

256

(15)

History

257

(3)

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

260

(11)

Effect of Illegal Search and Seizure

271

(1)

Summary

271

(2)

Review and Discussion Questions

273

(1)

Legal Scenarios

274

(5)

Internet References

279

(5)

Chapter 6 Stops and Frisks

284

(59)

History

286

(1)

Terry, Sibron, and Peters

287

(3)

Terry v. Ohio

287

(2)

Sibron v. New York

289

(1)

Peters v. New York

289

(1)

The Reasonableness Standard

290

(2)

Determination of Whether to Stop

292

(4)

What is a Stop?

292

(3)

Case in Point

295

(1)

Authority to Stop

296

(1)

Am I Liable?

297

(14)

Information from Informants

299

(4)

Facts and Circumstances Determining Reasonableness

303

(1)

Extent of Stop

304

(7)

Determination of Whether to Frisk

311

(3)

Limited Authority

311

(1)

Scope of Search

312

(2)

Specific Circumstances Justifying Stops and Frisks

314

(16)

Evasive Behavior

314

(1)

Observation of Bulge or Heavy Object

315

(1)

Hand Concealed in Clothing; Force

316

(1)

Innocent Conduct

316

(1)

Case in Point

317

(1)

Admission by Defendant

318

(1)

Traffic Stops and Roadblocks

319

(4)

Case in Point

323

(1)

Racial Profiling

324

(3)

Violent Crime

327

(1)

Objects Felt during a Frisk

327

(1)

Collective Knowledge of Police

328

(1)

High-Crime Area

329

(1)

Association with Known Criminals

330

(1)

Miscellaneous Stop-and-Frisk Issues

330

(5)

Stops and Miranda Warnings

331

(1)

Frisking Persons of the Opposite Sex

331

(1)

Containers and Other Property

331

(4)

Summary

335

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

336

(1)

Legal Scenarios

337

(3)

Internet References

340

(3)

PART III Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement

343

(168)

Chapter 7 Search Incident to Arrest

344

(30)

Chimel v. California

346

(1)

Scope

347

(1)

Search of the Arrestee's Body

348

(5)

Full Search

349

(1)

Remoteness of Search

350

(1)

Am I Liable?

351

(1)

Emergencies

352

(1)

State Departures from the Robinson-Gustafson Rule

352

(1)

Search of Area into Which the Arrestee Might Reach

353

(5)

Search of Motor Vehicles

355

(2)

Search of the Arrestee's Companions

357

(1)

Search of Other Areas of the Premises

358

(2)

Other Requirements for a Valid Search Incident to Arrest

360

(6)

Lawful Custodial Arrest

360

(2)

Contemporaneousness

362

(1)

Case in Point

362

(2)

Who May Conduct the Search?

364

(1)

Use of Force

364

(2)

Search Incident to Detention

366

(1)

Summary

367

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

367

(1)

Legal Scenarios

368

(4)

Internet References

372

(2)

Chapter 8 Consent Searches

374

(36)

Voluntariness Requirement

377

(11)

Force or Threat of Force

377

(1)

Submission to a Fraudulent or Mistaken Claim of Authority

378

(1)

Am I Liable?

379

(1)

Misrepresentation or Deception

380

(1)

Arrest or Detention

381

(1)

Knowledge of the Right to Refuse Consent

382

(1)

Informing Suspects That They Are Free to Go

383

(1)

Suspect's Attitude about the Likelihood of Discovering Evidence

384

(1)

Case in Point

384

(1)

Clearness and Explicitness of Consent

385

(1)

Notification of Counsel

385

(1)

Physical, Mental, Emotional, and Educational Factors

385

(3)

Scope

388

(4)

Consent Merely to Enter

388

(1)

Area of Search

388

(1)

Time

389

(1)

Object of Search

390

(1)

Revocation of Consent

391

(1)

Who May Give Consent

392

(10)

Persons Having Equal Rights or Interests in Property

394

(1)

Landlord-Tenant

395

(1)

Hotel Manager-Hotel Guest

396

(1)

Host-Guest

396

(1)

Employer-Employee

397

(1)

School Official-Student

397

(1)

Principal-Agent

398

(1)

Husband-Wife

399

(1)

Parent-Child

399

(1)

Bailor-Bailee

400

(1)

Voluntary Production of Evidence

401

(1)

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

401

(1)

Summary

402

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

403

(5)

Legal Scenarios 404 Internet References

408

(2)

Chapter 9 The Plain View Doctrine

410

(30)

Requirements of the Plain View Doctrine

413

(17)

The Officer Must Have a Valid Justification for a Prior Intrusion into a Zone of Privacy

413

(5)

Case in Point

418

(1)

The Officer Must Not Unreasonably Intrude on Any Person's Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

419

(1)

The Incriminating Character of the Item to be Seized Must Be Immediately Apparent to the Officer

420

(1)

Am I Liable?

421

(7)

The Discovery of the Item of Evidence by the Officer Need Not Be Inadvertent

428

(2)

"Plain Touch" or "Plain Feel"

430

(1)

Summary

431

(2)

Review and Discussion Questions

433

(1)

Legal Scenarios

434

(4)

Internet References

438

(2)

Chapter 10 Search and Seizure of Vehicles and Containers

440

(34)

The Carroll Doctrine

442

(12)

Probable Cause

443

(1)

Delay in Search 443 Exigent Circumstances

444

(3)

Entry onto Private Premises

447

(1)

Case in Point

448

(1)

Scope of Search

448

(3)

Case in Point

451

(2)

Am I Liable?

453

(1)

Impoundment and Inventory of Vehicles

454

(7)

Impoundment

454

(2)

Inventory

456

(5)

Expectation of Privacy

461

(4)

Electronic Beepers

462

(1)

Searches by Dogs

463

(2)

Summary

465

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

466

(1)

Legal Scenarios

467

(4)

Internet References

471

(3)

Chapter 11 Open Fields and Abandoned Property

474

(37)

Hester v. United States

476

(1)

Open Fields

476

(9)

Determination of Curtilage

477

(6)

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

483

(1)

Am I Liable?

484

(1)

Plain View, Open Fields, and Observations into Constitutionally Protected Areas

485

(1)

Case in Point

490

(1)

Abandoned Property

491

(10)

Indications of Intent to Abandon Property

492

(6)

Lawfulness of Police Behavior

498

(1)

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Property

499

(2)

Summary

501

(2)

Review and Discussion Questions

503

(1)

Legal Scenarios

504

(5)

Internet References

509

(2)

PART IV Criminal Procedure and the Fifth and Sixth Amendments

511

(98)

Chapter 12 Admissions and Confessions

512

(66)

Historical Background

514

(5)

Voluntariness

514

(3)

Escobedo and Miranda

517

(1)

Am I Liable?

518

(1)

Facts and Holdings of Miranda

519

(2)

Issues of Miranda

521

(1)

Custody

521

(9)

Focus of Investigation

522

(1)

Place of Interrogation

523

(3)

Investigative and Traffic Stops

526

(1)

Time of Interrogation

527

(1)

Presence of Other Persons

527

(1)

Arrest or Restraint

528

(1)

Police Coercion or Domination

528

(1)

Psychological Restraints

529

(1)

Interview Initiated by Suspect

529

(1)

Interrogation

530

(19)

Volunteered Statements

531

(1)

Clarifying Questions

532

(1)

Routine Questions

532

(1)

Spontaneous Questions

533

(1)

Questions Related to Public Safety

533

(2)

Confrontation of Suspect with Evidence

535

(1)

Confrontation of Suspect with Accomplice

535

(1)

Statements or Actions of Officers

535

(1)

Interrogation by Private Citizens

536

(1)

Multiple Attempts at Interrogation

537

(12)

Case in Point

549

(1)

Warnings

549

(3)

Manner of Giving Warnings

550

(1)

Does the Suspect Require Warnings?

550

(1)

Passage of Time

551

(1)

Waiver

552

(9)

Obtaining a Waiver

552

(1)

Words and Actions Indicating a Waiver

553

(4)

Burbine Prong 1: Voluntriness of the Waiver

557

(1)

Burbine Prong 2: Requisite Level of Comprehension

557

(4)

Other Miranda Issues

561

(4)

Nontestimonial Evidence

561

(1)

Fourth Amendment Violations

562

(1)

Nature or Severity of Offense

563

(1)

Undercover Agents

563

(2)

Effect of Miranda in Court

565

(1)

Summary

566

(2)

Review and Discussion Questions

568

(1)

Legal Scenarios

569

(4)

Internet References

573

(5)

Chapter 13 Pretrial Identification Procedures

578

(31)

Requirement of Counsel-The Wade-Gilbert Rule

580

(3)

Basis of the Court's Decision

580

(2)

Waiver of the Right to Counsel

582

(1)

Substitute Counsel

583

(1)

Guidelines for Lineup Identifications

583

(5)

Before the Lineup

583

(3)

During the Lineup

586

(2)

After the Lineup

588

(1)

Exceptions to the Wade-Gilbert Rule

588

(9)

Identifications Conducted before the Initiation of Adversary Judicial Proceedings

588

(7)

Emergency Identifications

595

(1)

Case in Point

595

(1)

Preparatory Steps

596

(1)

Photographic Identifications

597

(1)

Am I Liable?

600

(1)

Effect of an Improper Identification Procedure

601

(1)

Summary

602

(1)

Review and Discussion Questions

603

(1)

Legal Scenarios

604

(3)

Internet References

607

(2)

Glossary

609

(17)

Table of Cases

626

(8)

Index

634

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Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials