Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking

Dynamic author team provides comprehensive overview with focus on critical-thinking The fifth edition continues a heavy focus on applying critical thinking framework in examining, analyzing, and evaluating psychological data. With significant rewriting and additional new topics, updated references on new research, and MySearchLab with an interactive eText, Cross-Cultural Psychology keeps pace with the rapidly changing conditions of modern times. The dynamic team from two different worlds bring a unique set of experiences and perceptions in writing this book. Eric Shiraev was raised in the city of Leningrad in the former Soviet Union and David Levy is from Southern California,. Between the diverse backgrounds and having each author spent an extended period teaching in the other's home country, the authors provide a comprehensive review of theories and research in cross-cultural psychology. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers should be able to: Better understand the field of cross-cultural psychology Understand contemporary theories and research in cross-cultural psychology Use critical thinking to examine, analyze, and evaluate the field of cross-cultural psychology Assist current and future practitioners from a wide variety of fields and services Note:MySearchLab with eText does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase the MySearchLab with eText, please visit:www.mySearchLab.comor you can purchase a ValuePack of the text + MySearchLab with eText (at no additional cost): ValuePack ISBN-10: 0205844677 / ValuePack ISBN-13: 9780205844678

Eric Shiraev is a professor, researcher, and author. He took his academic degrees at St. Petersburg University in Russia and completed a post-doctoral program in the United States at UCLA. He served at various positions at St. Petersburg University, NVCC, Oregon State University, George Washington University, and George Mason University. His research interests are diverse. He is an author, co-author, and co-editor of twelve books and numerous publications in the fields of global studies, history of science, cross-cultural studies, and political psychology. In his publications, he develops a distinct multi-disciplinary approach to analyze human behavior. Besides teaching and scholarly work, Eric Shiraev writes opinion essays for the media around the world. He resides near Washington DC. Visit his site: www.ericshiraev.com

Dr. David A. Levy has extensive experience as a teacher, therapist, writer, and researcher. He is Professor of Psychology at Pepperdine University's Graduate School of Education and Psychology, where he has been teaching graduate courses since 1986. He received his B.A. degree in theater arts from UCLA, a M.A. degree in psychology from Pepperdine University, a second M.A. degree in psychology from UCLA, and his Ph.D. in psychology from UCLA, where he specialized in social psychology, with minors in psychological assessment and personality psychology. He served as Visiting Professor of Psychology in the Soviet Union, where he delivered lectures and workshops in psychology and psychotherapy at Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University, the Leningrad Academy of Science, and the Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute. He was honored as a Harriet and Charles Luckman Distinguished Teaching Fellow at Pepperdine, and was a recipient of the Shepard Ivory Franz Distinguished Teaching Award and Charles F. Scott Fellowship at UCLA. Dr. Levy holds professional licenses both in psychology and in marriage and family therapy. He has worked in a wide range of private practice and inpatient psychiatric settings, he has supervised clinical interns, and he has utilized his expertise in psychological testing (particularly the MMPI) in forensic cases.

His numerous theoretical and empirical research studies have been published in scientific journals and presented at professional conferences. His book, "Tools of Critical Thinking: Metathoughts for Psychology," garnered widespread acclaim in both academic and clinical settings for its innovative approaches to improving thinking skills. Levy co-authored (with Eric Shiraev) "Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications," which became an internationally best-selling textbook. Levy is the author of "Family Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice," which was the first textbook on the topic available to Russian readers. His Levy Optimism-Pessimism Scale (LOPS) has been utilized internationally in a variety of research contexts, and he is a member of the Board of Editors for the Journal of Humanistic Psychology.

Levy is also the author of numerous satirical articles, including "The Emperor's Postmodern Clothes: A Brief Guide to Deconstructing Academically Fashionable Phrases for the Uninitiated," "How to Be a Good Psychotherapy Patient," "Psychometric Infallibility Realized: The One-Size-Fits-All Psychological Profile," "Stinks and Instincts: An Empirical Investigation of Freud's Excreta Theory," and "A Proposed Category for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Pervasive Labeling Disorder."

As a media consultant, Levy has appeared on dozens television and radio broadcasts (including CNN, CBS, NBC, PBS, A&E, and E!), providing psychological perspectives on current events, and examining issues and trends in the mental health fields. He has also worked as a professional director, producer, writer and actor in motion pictures, television and stage. He received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Performance in a Network Television Series, and he was a guest star on the television series "Cheers," where he portrayed the leader of Frasier's low self-esteem group.

Preface	p. xiii
Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 1
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?	p. 2
Basic Definitions	p. 3
Culture	p. 3
Society, Race, and Ethnicity	p. 4
Knowledge in Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 7
Cultural Traditionalism	p. 9
Empirical Examination of Culture	p. 10
Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research	p. 11
Cultural Syndromes	p. 12
Evolutionary Approach	p. 13
Sociological Approach	p. 14
Ecocultural Approach	p. 15
The Cultural Mixtures Approach	p. 16
The Integrative Approach: A Summary	p. 17
Indigenous Psychology	p. 18
Ethnocentrism	p. 19
Multiculturalism	p. 19
A Brief History of the Field	p. 19
Chapter Summary	p. 21
Key Terms	p. 22
Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research	p. 24
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research	p. 25
Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 26
Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales	p. 26
Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences	p. 27
Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 28
Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study	p. 30
Sample Selection	p. 30
Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 32
Survey Methods	p. 33
Experimental Studies	p. 34
Content Analysis	p. 35
Focus Group Methodology	p. 36
Meta-Analysis: Research of Research	p. 36
A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation	p. 37
Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles	p. 38
On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications	p. 40
Cultural Dichotomies	p. 41
There Are Fewer Differences than One Might Think	p. 41
There Are More Differences than One Might Expect	p. 42
Avoiding Bias of Generalizations	p. 42
Know More About Cultures You Examine	p. 43
Chapter Summary	p. 46
Key Terms	p. 47
Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology	p. 49
The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe	p. 51
Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray?	p. 53
The Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different	p. 55
The Barnum Effect: "One-Size-Fits-All" Descriptions	p. 57
The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World Through Schema-Colored Glasses	p. 59
The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization	p. 62
The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events	p. 64
The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences	p. 67
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality	p. 70
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why"	p. 72
Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways	p. 75
Bidirectional Causation	p. 75
Multiple Causation	p. 76
The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line Between "Is" and "Should"	p. 78
The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!"	p. 81
Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?"	p. 84
Chapter Summary	p. 85
Key Terms	p. 86
Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness	p. 88
Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles	p. 89
How Culture Influences What We Perceive	p. 90
How People Perceive Pictures	p. 92
Perception of Depth	p. 94
Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions?	p. 94
Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing	p. 95
Perception of Color	p. 96
Other Senses	p. 98
Hearing	p. 98
Taste	p. 98
Smell	p. 99
Touch	p. 99
Perception of Time	p. 100
Perception of the Beautiful	p. 101
Perception of Music	p. 103
Consciousness and Culture	p. 104
Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams	p. 105
Beyond Altered States of Consciousness	p. 108
Chapter Summary	p. 112
Key Terms	p. 114
Intelligence	p. 115
Defining intelligence	p. 116
Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores	p. 118
Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior	p. 119
Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence?	p. 120
Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases	p. 122
A Word About "Cultural Literacy"	p. 123
Environment and Intelligence	p. 123
Socioeconomic Factors	p. 125
The Family Factor	p. 126
"Natural Selection" and IQ Scores	p. 127
Cultural Values of Cognition	p. 128
General Cognition: What Is "Underneath" Intelligence?	p. 131
Classification	p. 131
Sorting	p. 132
Memory	p. 132
Formal and Mathematical Reasoning	p. 133
Creativity	p. 133
Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems	p. 135
Culture, Tests, and Motivation	p. 136
IQ, Culture, and Social Justice	p. 137
And in the End, Moral Values	p. 139
Chapter Summary	p. 141
Key Terms	p. 143
Emotion	p. 144
When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience	p. 146
You Cannot Explain Pain If You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience	p. 148
Emotions: Different or Universal?	p. 151
Physiological Arousal	p. 151
The Meaning of Preceding Events	p. 152
Emotion as an Evaluation	p. 154
We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way	p. 156
How People Assess Emotional Experience	p. 157
When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety	p. 158
Expression of Emotion	p. 160
When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger	p. 162
Emotion and Inclination to Act	p. 163
Emotion and Judgment	p. 164
Chapter Summary	p. 165
Key Terms	p. 166
Motivation and Behavior	p. 167
A Glance into Evolution	p. 168
Social Science: See the Society First	p. 168
Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation	p. 169
The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis	p. 170
Humanistic Theories	p. 171
Learning and Motivation	p. 173
A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference	p. 173
When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders	p. 174
Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation	p. 175
Aggressive Motivation and Violence	p. 178
Culture and Sexuality	p. 183
Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities	p. 186
Chapter Summary	p. 188
Key Terms	p. 189
Human Development and Socialization	p. 190
Development and Socialization	p. 191
Quality of Life and the Child's Development	p. 191
Norms, Customs, and Child Care	p. 192
Parental Values and Expectations	p. 194
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development	p. 196
PiagetÆs Stages of Cognitive Development	p. 197
Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg	p. 198
Developmental Stages	p. 200
Life Before Birth: Prenatal Period	p. 201
First Steps: Infancy	p. 202
Discovering the World: Childhood	p. 204
Major Rehearsal: Adolescence	p. 206
Adulthood	p. 209
Late Adulthood	p. 211
Chapter Summary	p. 213
Key Terms	p. 215
Psychological Disorders	p. 216
American Background: DSM-IV	p. 217
Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology	p. 218
Central and Peripheral Symptoms: An Outcome of the Debate Between Universalists and Relativists	p. 220
Culture-Bound Syndromes	p. 221
Anxiety Disorders	p. 225
Depressive Disorders	p. 226
Schizophrenia	p. 229
Culture and Suicide	p. 230
Personality Disorders	p. 232
Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound?	p. 236
Psychodiagnostic Biases	p. 238
Psychotherapy	p. 240
Culture Match?	p. 242
Chapter Summary	p. 245
Key Terms	p. 246
Social Perception and Social Cognition	p. 248
Values	p. 249
Western and Non-Western Values	p. 251
Striving for Consistent: The Cognitive Balance Theory	p. 253
Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance	p. 253
Psychological Dogmatism	p. 254
Social Attribution	p. 254
Attribution as Locus of Control	p. 255
Attribution of Success and Failure	p. 257
Self-Perception	p. 258
Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body?	p. 260
Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures	p. 261
Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations	p. 262
On "National Character"	p. 265
Chapter Summary	p. 267
Key Terms	p. 268
Social Interaction	p. 270
Universal Interaction	p. 271
Direct Contacts and Body Language	p. 274
Conformity	p. 276
Is Conformity Universal across Cultures?	p. 277
Following Orders	p. 280
Social Influence	p. 282
Feeling Good About Some Views	p. 283
Is Social Loafing Universal?	p. 284
Cooperation and Competition	p. 284
Leadership	p. 286
Chapter Summary	p. 288
Key Terms	p. 290
Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights	p. 291
Health	p. 292
Spirituality, Science, and Health	p. 295
Business Decisions	p. 298
Working with Immigrants	p. 300
Education	p. 304
Culture, Behavior, and the Law	p. 304
Human Rights	p. 306
Working and Serving Abroad	p. 307
Religion: A Campus Context	p. 309
Conclusion	p. 310
Chapter Summary	p. 311
Key Terms	p. 312
References	p. 313
Author Index	p. 355
Subject Index	p. 361
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, Fifth Edition

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