Developmental Disabilities Introduction to a Diverse Field

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ISBN: 9780205322060 | 0205322069
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/20/2001

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This book provides a broad introduction to an overview of developmental disabilities for future practitioners, educators, healthcare personnel, parents, and other lay people.Written in a manner accessible to all, this book presents a coherent picture of developmental disabilities by focusing on etiology (causes and risk factors), clinical phenomena, social factors, service delivery models, historical factors, and prevention. It stresses the revolution in services for persons with disabilities over the past few decades and emphasizes the importance of using a lifespan developmental model in service and research.For psychologists, educators, and special educators.

Preface

About the Author

xxi

Defining Developmental Disabilities

(38)

Overview of the Text

(1)

Three Vignettes

(2)

Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps

(2)

Etiology: Causal Factors and Pathology

(3)

Defining Developmental Disabilities

(11)

Some Historical Considerations

(7)

Presidential and Legislative Action in the United States

(1)

Definitional Concepts

(3)

Conditions Included in Developmental Disabilities

(2)

Major Diagnostic Categories

(2)

The Problems Held in Common

(1)

Developmental Delay, Developmental Psychopathology, and Dual Diagnoses

(6)

Developmental Delay

(3)

Developmental Psychopathology

(1)

Dual Diagnoses

(2)

Developmental Disabilities in a Life-Span Context

(2)

Social Attitudes about Persons with Disabilities

(2)

Prevalence and Incidence of Developmental Disabilities

(4)

The Person and the Professions

(1)

Chapter Summary

(3)

Normal Prenatal Development

(29)

Human Development Is a Continuous Process

(1)

Determinants of the Neonate's Health

(2)

Prenatal Development

(18)

Genetics: A Brief Review

(7)

Development From Conception to Birth

(7)

Prenatal Screening and Genetic Counseling

(4)

The Birth Process

(1)

Dilation/Effacement Phase

(1)

Expulsion Phase

(1)

Placental Phase

(1)

The Mother, the Neonate, Postnatal Monitoring, and Care

(2)

Postpartum Depression

(1)

Neonatal Care

(1)

Neonatal Screening

(2)

Genotype and Phenotype

(2)

Chapter Summary

(3)

Normal Postnatal Development

(21)

Physical and Sensory Development

(2)

Brain Development

(1)

Cognitive, Perceptual, and Language Development

(4)

Emotional Development

(3)

Social Development

(1)

Normal Developmental Tasks: Social Norms, Expectancies, and Roles

(3)

Growth Beyond the ``Developmental'' Years

(3)

Chapter Summary

(3)

Endogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities: Genetic Defects

(18)

Birth Defects

(1)

Polygenic and Multifactorial Transmission

(1)

Genetic and Chromosomal Mutations

(13)

Autosomal Dominant-Gene Defects

(1)

Autosomal Recessive-Gene Defects

(11)

X-Linked Genetic Disorders

105

(1)

Chapter Summary

105

(2)

Endogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities: Chromosomal Anomalies

107

(22)

Chromosomal Anomalies in the Autosomes

108

(11)

Changes in Chromosome Structure

108

(4)

Changes in Chromosome Number (Aneuploidy)

112

(1)

Causes of Aneuploidy

113

(1)

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

114

(5)

X-Linked Genetic Defects and Chromosomal Anomalies

119

(3)

X-Linked Genetic Defects

119

(1)

X-Linked Chromosomal Anomalies

120

(2)

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

122

(5)

Anencephaly

123

(1)

Spina Bifida

124

(2)

Hydrocephaly

126

(1)

Microcephaly

126

(1)

Prevention of NTDs

126

(1)

Chapter Summary

127

(2)

Exogenous Etiologic Factors in Disabilities: Prenatal Origins

129

(32)

Prenatal Environmental Factors in Birth Defects

129

(2)

Teratogens

131

(30)

Principles of Teratogenics

133

(3)

Infections Disease

136

(6)

Drugs

142

(19)

Exogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities: Prenatal Origins (Continued)

161

(14)

Environmental Hazards of a Passive Nature

161

(3)

Radiation

162

(1)

Lead

162

(1)

Mercury and Other Hazards

163

(1)

Maternal Conditions

164

(8)

Maternal Hormonal Disorders

164

(1)

Maternal Nutrition

165

(3)

Maternal Stress

168

(1)

Maternal Age

169

(2)

Rh Incompatibility

171

(1)

Other Prenatal Factors

172

(1)

A Multi-Hit Model of Neurological Handicap

172

(1)

Chapter Summary

173

(2)

Exogenous Etiological Factors in Developmental Disabilities: Perinatal and Postnatal Environmental Origins

175

(25)

Etiologies and Disabilities

176

(21)

Oxygen Deprivation

176

(1)

Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth

177

(7)

Childhood Illness

184

(1)

Physical Trauma

184

(6)

Lead and Other Environmental Toxins

190

(5)

Malnutrition and Undernutrition

195

(2)

Chapter Summary

197

(3)

Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disabilities)

200

(27)

The Nature of Intelligence

201

(3)

Defining Intelligence

201

(1)

School-Based Criteria in Defining MR

202

(1)

Measuring Intelligence: IQ Tests

202

(2)

Intelligence and MR

204

(5)

Cognitive Development

204

(1)

Attention

205

(1)

Generalization

205

(1)

Incidental Learning

206

(1)

Concrete and Abstract Thinking

206

(1)

Metacognition

206

(1)

Language

207

(1)

Social Communication

207

(1)

Relative Rates of Cognitive Development

207

(2)

Heterogeneity among Persons with Mental Retardation

209

(5)

IQ Criteria for Mental Retardation

209

(1)

Mild Mental Retardation (MMR)

209

(1)

Cultural-Familial Retardation

210

(2)

Moderate Mental Retardation

212

(1)

Severe and Profound Mental Retardation

212

(1)

Is Mild Mental Retardation a Valid Diagnostic Category?

213

(1)

Multidimensional Diagnosis and Service Planning for Mental Retardation

214

(5)

Diagnosis of Mental Retardation

215

(2)

Identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, and Service Needs

217

(2)

Determining Needed Supports and Support Intensities

219

(1)

Some Important Generalizations

219

(2)

Social Factors in Mental Retardation

221

(3)

Mental Retardation and Socioeconomic Status

221

(2)

The Social Surround

223

(1)

Chapter Summary

224

(3)

Social Determinants in Mental Retardation: The Active Socialization Hypothesis

227

(36)

Socialization

228

(2)

The Active Socialization Hypothesis

228

(1)

MR and Social Roles

229

(1)

Defining the Population to Be Addressed

229

(1)

A Double Handicap

230

(1)

Positions and Roles: Social Structure and Personal Function

230

(3)

Social Positions

230

(2)

Social Roles

232

(1)

Dimensions of Social Positions

233

(2)

Positional Norms, Expectancies, and Demands

233

(1)

Position Entrance, Maintenance, and Exit

234

(1)

Position Status and Set

234

(1)

Deviance Positions

235

(1)

Dimensions of Social Roles

235

(4)

Imposition and Improvisation

235

(1)

Role Complementarity

236

(1)

Role Multiplicity and Role Status

236

(1)

Role Complexity

237

(1)

Role Variation

237

(1)

Role Violation, Role Conflict, and Role Strain

237

(1)

Role Resource Access

238

(1)

The Personal/Organizational Value of Social Roles

239

(1)

Social Role Development and Personal Identity

239

(2)

Social Role Development

239

(1)

Role Interactions, Status, and Personal Identity

240

(1)

Can Social Role Theory Inform Us about Mental Retardation?

241

(5)

Mental Retardation as a Deviant (and Devalued) Social Position

241

(2)

Position Entry for Mental Retardation

243

(1)

MR Position Maintenance and Exit

244

(1)

Positional Status and Personal Identity in Mental Retardation

244

(1)

MR Status Validation

245

(1)

MR Social Role Enactments

246

(9)

Complementary Roles for MR

246

(1)

MR Role Multiplicity, Complexity, and Variation

247

(1)

Imposition and Improvisation in Mental Retardation

248

(2)

Role Violation, Conflict, and Strain in MR

250

(1)

The Dependent-Submissive Character in Mental Retardation

251

(1)

Role Status in Mental Retardation

252

(1)

Role Resource Access in Mental Retardation

253

(2)

Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, and the Zone of Proximal Development

255

(3)

Tacit Knowledge and Practical Intelligence

255

(2)

The Zone of Proximal Development

257

(1)

Implications for Researand Service

258

(2)

Chapter Summary

260

(3)

Autistic Spectrum Disorders

263

(36)

Three Cases

265

(2)

Pervasive Developmental Disabilities and Autistic Spectrum Disorders

267

(1)

Autistic Disorder

268

(5)

Etiology

268

(2)

Characteristics of Autism

270

(3)

Other Autistic Spectrum Disorders

273

(3)

Rett's Syndrome

273

(1)

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

274

(1)

Asperger's Syndrome (AS)

274

(2)

Nonspecific Pervasive Developmental Disorder

276

(1)

Diagnosis of Autism

276

(1)

Population Estimates of Autism

277

(1)

The Final Common Pathway Model

278

(2)

Autism and Theory of Mind

280

(2)

Education, Training, and Treatment

282

(7)

Treatment and Cure

283

(1)

Teaching Is the Essential Task

283

(1)

Persons with Autism Are Individuals

283

(1)

Autism Is a Highly Complex Condition

284

(1)

Thorough Diagnostic Study Is Needed

284

(1)

Multidimensional Programming Is Needed

284

(1)

The Involvement of Parents and Family in Any Treatment or Other Services Is Essential

285

(1)

Improving the Communication Abilities of Staff and Family Members

286

(1)

Frequent, Detailed Evaluation of Progress Is Needed

286

(1)

Objective, Valid, Experimental-Based Procedures Are Needed to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Education/Training Approaches

286

(1)

Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy

287

(1)

Developmentally Graded Programming

287

(1)

Special Education and Mainstreaming

288

(1)

Additional Therapies and Special Training Are Needed

288

(1)

Highly Structured Programs Are Needed

289

(1)

Prognosis and the Older Person with Autism

289

(1)

Some Comments on History

290

(4)

Chapter Summary

294

(5)

Seizure Disorders

299

(23)

Seizures and Epilepsy

299

(3)

Etiologies of Seizures and the Epilepsies

302

(3)

Symptomatic and Idiopathic Epilepsy

302

(1)

Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors

303

(1)

Association with Other Disabilities

303

(1)

Genetic Risk Factors

304

(1)

Head Trauma

304

(1)

Alcohol and Other Drugs

304

(1)

Incidence and Prevalence of Epilepsy

305

(1)

Major Effects of Epilepsy on the Person

306

(7)

Physical Effects

306

(1)

Effects on Pregnancy and Reproduction

307

(1)

Psychological and Social Effects

307

(2)

The Epilepsy Social Role

309

(3)

Social Biases against Persons with Epilepsy

312

(1)

Epilepsy in Adolescence

313

(1)

Treatment and Prevention of Epilepsy

314

(5)

Drug Therapy

315

(1)

Surgery

315

(1)

Psychological Treatment

316

(1)

The Ketogenic Diet

317

(1)

Prevention of Epilepsy

318

(1)

Prognosis in Epilepsy

319

(1)

Chapter Summary

319

(3)

Cerebral Palsy

322

(21)

Diagnosing Cerebral Palsy

323

(1)

Types of Movement Disorders

324

(2)

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

324

(1)

Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

325

(1)

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

325

(1)

Hypotonic Cerebral Palsy

325

(1)

Mixed Types of Cerebral Palsy

325

(1)

Etiologies of Cerebral Palsy

326

(2)

Prenatal Events

326

(1)

Problems during Delivery

327

(1)

Postnatal Events

327

(1)

Prevention

328

(1)

Associated Disorders

328

(3)

Management of Cerebral Palsy

331

(7)

Comprehensive Programming

331

(2)

Parent and Family Involvement

333

(1)

Environmental Stimulation

334

(1)

Attention and Motivational Issues

334

(2)

Therapy

336

(2)

Assistive Technology

338

(1)

Cerebral Palsy and Aging

339

(1)

Chapter Summary

340

(3)

Learning Disabilities

343

(29)

Prevalence of Learning Disabilities

344

(3)

Learning Disabilities Criteria

347

(3)

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

347

(1)

Discrepancy Criterion

348

(1)

Academic Underachievement

349

(1)

Variability in Learning Disabilities

349

(1)

Specific Learning Disabilities

350

(8)

Developmental Speeand Language Disorders

350

(3)

Developmental Academic Skills Disorders

353

(5)

Developmental Motor Function Disorders

358

(1)

Mixed, Other, and Unspecified Disorders

358

(1)

Phonological Awareness and Central Processing Deficits

358

(5)

Phonological Awareness

358

(2)

Central Processing Deficits

360

(3)

Primary and Secondary Characteristics

363

(3)

Attention and Hyperactivity Problems

363

(1)

Anxiety, Panic, Phobias

364

(1)

Intellectually Gifted Children with LD

365

(1)

Assistive Technology for Learning Disabilities

366

(1)

The Personal Toll of LD

367

(1)

Learning Disabilities in Adulthood

368

(1)

Chapter Summary

369

(3)

Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities

372

(23)

The Twentieth-Century Revolution

372

(7)

Restated Romanticism, Empirical Science, and Technology

372

(2)

Normalization, Advocacy, and Consumer Empowerment

374

(5)

Dimensions of Service

379

(14)

Early Diagnostic Evaluation and Timely Intervention

379

(1)

The Need for Continued Health Care

379

(1)

The Development of Emphasis and Family Support

380

(3)

Specialized Services

383

(1)

Transition to School

384

(2)

Transition to Adulthood

386

(1)

Adulthood and Aging

387

(6)

Chapter Summary

393

(2)

Deviance, Responsible Social Agents, and Prevention in Developmental Difficulties

395

(22)

A Traditional Social Position: The Responsible Social Agent

396

(1)

The Responsible Social Agent and Deviance

397

(6)

Creating Explanatory Models

398

(2)

Identifying Deviant Individuals and Groups

400

(1)

Applying Corrective Procedures

400

(1)

Maintaining the Agents' Primary Responsibility to Society, for the Benefit of Society

401

(2)

Levels of Prevention

403

(3)

Tertiary Prevention

404

(1)

Secondary Prevention

404

(1)

Primary Prevention

405

(1)

Obstacles to Prevention

406

(2)

Partial Solutions in Our Less Than Ideal World

408

(1)

Prevention of Developmental Disabilities in a Time-Line Perspective

409

(6)

Prevention Goals Prior to Conception

409

(4)

Prevention Goals during Pregnancy

413

(1)

Perinatal and Neonatal Prevention Goals

414

(1)

Prevention Goals for Childhood and Adolescence

414

(1)

A Final Note

415

(2)

Glossary

417

(20)

References

437

(28)

Name Index

465

(10)

Subject Index

475

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Developmental Disabilities Introduction to a Diverse Field

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials