Environmental Chemistry

Explore the chemical processes and properties underlying crucial issues such as global warming, renewable energy, hazardous waste, and air pollution at an accessible, introductory level with Environmental Chemistry.

Part I: Atmospheric Chemistry and Air PollutionChapter 1: Stratospheric Chemistry: The Ozone Layer
Introduction
The Physics, Chemistry and Biology of UV
Stratospheric Chemistry: The Ozone Layer
Catalytic Processes of Ozone Destruction
Box 1-1: The Rates of Free-Radical Reactions
Box 1-2: Calculating the Rates of Reaction Steps
Box 1-3: The Steady-State Analysis of Atmospheric Reactions
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 2: The Ozone Holes
Introduction
The Ozone Hole and Mid-Latitude Ozone Depletion
The Chemistry of Ozone Depletion
Polar Ozone Holes
Box 2-1: The Chemistry Behind Mid-Latitude Decreases in Stratospheric Ozone
The Chemicals That Cause Ozone Destruction
Green Chemistry: The Replacement of CFC and Hydrocarbon Blowing Agents with Carbon
Dioxide in Producing Foam Polystyrene
Green Chemistry: Harpin Technology—Eliciting Nature’s Own Defenses Against Diseases
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Ground-Level Air Pollution
Introduction
Box 3-1: The Interconversion of Gas Concentrations
Urban Ozone: The Photochemical Smog Process
Improving Air Quality: Photochemical Smog
Green Chemistry: Strategies to Reduce VOCs Emanating from Organic Solvents
Green Chemistry: A Nonvolatile, Reactive Coalescent for the Reduction of VOCs in Latex
Paints
Green Chemistry: The Replacement of Organic Solvents with Supercritical and Liquid Carbon
Dioxide; Development of Surfactants for This Compound
Box 3-2: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pressure
Green Chemistry: Using Ionic Liquids to Replace Organic Solvents: Cellulose, a Naturally
Occurring Polymer Replacement for Petroleum-Derived Polymers
Improving Air Quality: Sulfur-based Emissions
Particulates in Air Pollution
Air Quality Indices and Size Characteristics for Particulate Matter
Box 3-3: The Distribution of Particle Sizes in an Urban Air Sample
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 4: The Environmental and Health Consequences of Polluted Air – Outdoors and Indoors
Introduction
Acid Rain
The Human Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollutants
Indoor Air Pollution
Review Questions
Additional Problems Part II: The Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, Fossil Fuels and CO2Chapter 5: The Greenhouse Effect
Introduction
The Mechanism of the Greenhouse Effect
Molecular Vibrations: Energy Absorption by Greenhouse Gases
The Major Greenhouse Gases
Other Greenhouse Gases
Box 5-2: Determining the Emissions of “Old Carbon” Sources of Methane
The Climate-Modifying Effects of Aerosols
Box 5-3: Cooling over China from Haze
Global Warming to Date
Geoengineering Earth’s Climate to Combat Global Warming
Atmospheric Residence Time Analysis
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 6: Energy Use, Fossil Fuels, CO2 Emissions, and Global Climate Change
Introduction
Global Energy Usage
Fossil Fuels
Box 6-1: Shale Gas
Box 6-2: Petroleum Refining: Fractional Distillation
Box 6-3: The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster
Green Chemistry: Polylactic Acid—The Production of Biodegradable Polymers from Renewable
Resources; Reducing the Need for Petroleum and the Impact on the Environment
Sequestration of CO2
The Storage of Carbon Dioxide
Other Schemes to Reduce Greenhouse Gases
Box 6-4: Removing CO2 from the Atmosphere: Direct Air Capture
Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Future
The Extent and Potential Consequences of Future Global Warming
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 7: Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels
Introduction
Biomass and Biofuels: Issues
Ethanol
Biodiesel from Plant Oils and from Algae
Green Chemistry: Bio-based Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
Green Chemistry: Recycling Carbon Dioxide—A Feedstock for the Production of Chemicals and
Liquid Fuels
Thermochemical Production of Fuels, Including Methanol
Hydrogen—Fuel of the Future?
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 8: Renewable Energy Technologies: Hydroelectric, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Marine Energy and Their Storage
Introduction
Hydroelectric Power
Wind Energy
Marine Energy: Wave and Tidal Power
Geothermal Energy
Direct Solar Energy
The Storage of Renewable Energy—Electricity and Heat
Review Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 9: Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy
Introduction
Radioactivity and Radon Gas
Box 9-1: Steady-State Analysis of the Radioactive Decay Series
Nuclear Energy
Environmental Problems of Uranium Fuel
Box 9-2: Radioactive Contamination by Plutonium Production
Accidents and the Future of Nuclear Power
Review Questions
Additional Problems Part III: Water Chemistry and Water PollutionChapter 10: The Chemistry of Natural Waters
Introduction
Oxidation - Reduction Chemistry in Natural Waters
Green Chemistry: Enzymatic preparation of cotton textiles
Acid – Base and Solubility Chemistry in Natural Waters: The Carbonate System
Box 10-1: Derivation of the Equations for Species Diagram Curves
Box 10-2: Solubility of CaCO3 in Buffered Solutions
Ion Concentrations in Natural Waters and Drinking Water
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 11: The Pollution and Purification of Water
Introduction
Water Disinfection
Box 11-1: Activated Carbon
Box 11-2: The Desalination of Salty Water
Box 11-3: The Mechanism of Chloroform Production in Drinking Water
Groundwater: Its Supply, Chemical Contamination, and Remediation
The Chemical Contamination and Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage
Box 11-4: Organic Compounds Commonly Found in U.S. Groundwater-based Community Water Supplies and Their Properties
Green Chemistry: Sodium iminodisuccinate – A Biodegradable Chelating Agent
Modern Wastewater and Air Purification Techniques
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Part IV: Toxic Organic CompoundsChapter 12: Toxic Heavy Metals
Introduction
Mercury
Lead
Green Chemistry: Replacement of Lead in Electrodeposition Coatings
Cadmium
Arsenic
Box 12-1: Organotin Compounds
Chromium
Green Chemistry: Removing the Arsenic and Chromium from Pressure Treated Wood
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 13: Pesticides
Introduction
DDT
The Accumulation of Organochlorines in Biological Systems
Principles of Toxicology
Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides
Natural and Green Insecticides, and Integrated Pest Management
Green Chemistry: Insecticides that Target Only Certain Insects
Green Chemistry: A New Method for Controlling Termites
Green Chemistry: Spinetoram, an Improvement on a Green Pesticide
Herbicides
Box 13-1: Genetically Engineered Plants
Final Thoughts on Pesticides
Box 13-2: The Environmental Distribution of Pollutants
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 14: Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs
Introduction
Dioxins
Box 14-1: Deducing the Probable Chlorophenolic Origins of a Dioxin
Box 14-2: Predicting the Furans that Will Form From a Given PCB
PCBs
Other Sources of Dioxins and Furans
Green Chemistry: H2O2, an Environmentally Benign Bleaching Agent for the Production of
Paper
The Health Effects of Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Chapter 15: Other Toxic Organic Compounds of Environmental Concern
Introduction
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Box 15-1: More on the Mechanism of PAH Carcinogenesis
Environmental Estrogens
Box 15-2: Bisphenol-A
The Long-Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants
Fire Retardants
Perfluorinated Sulfonates and Related Compounds
Review Questions
Additional Problems Part V: Environment and the Solid StateChapter 16: Wastes, Soils and Sediments
Introduction
Domestic/Commercial Garbage: Its Disposal and Minimization
The Recycling of Household and Commercial Waste
Green Chemistry: Development of Bio-based Toners
Green Chemistry: Development of Recyclable Carpeting
Soils and Sediments
Hazardous Wastes
Review Questions
Green Chemistry Questions
Additional Problems Part VI: Advanced Atmospheric ChemistryChapter 17: The Detailed Free-Radical Chemistry of the Atmosphere
Introduction
Box 17-1: Lewis Structures of Simple Free Radicals
Tropospheric Chemistry
Systematics of Stratospheric Chemistry
Review Questions
Additional Problems