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- ISBN: 9780834211780 | 0834211785
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 3/1/1999
The new edition has updated data and statistics that are essential to understanding the importance of epidemiology to public health. This text provides a thorough grounding in the key areas of methodology, causality, and the complex issues that surround chronic disease investigation. The text is understandable to students with little or no familiarity with introductory biostatistics. Case studies throughout the book have also been updated to reflect how epidemiologic principles are applied to real-life situations and settings.
Robert H. Friis, PhD: Professor and Chair, Department of Health Science, California State University, Long Beach Thomas A. Sellers, PhD, MPH: Associate Center Director, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa
Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
About the Authors | p. xv |
Introduction | p. xvii |
The History and Scope of Epidemiology | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Epidemiology Defined | p. 5 |
Foundations of Epidemiology | p. 14 |
Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology | p. 22 |
Recent Applications of Epidemiology | p. 34 |
Conclusion | p. 40 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 40 |
Practical Applications of Epidemiology | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 46 |
Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of Populations and Delivery of Health Services | p. 48 |
Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology | p. 66 |
Conclusion | p. 81 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 81 |
Data for Study Question 9 | p. 85 |
Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 88 |
Definitions of Count, Proportion, Ratio, and Rate | p. 88 |
Risk Versus Rate | p. 97 |
Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence | p. 99 |
Applications of Incidence Data | p. 100 |
Crude Rates | p. 100 |
Specific Rates | p. 109 |
Adjusted Rates | p. 112 |
Conclusion | p. 121 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 122 |
Data for Study Questions 2 Through 5 | p. 125 |
Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time | p. 127 |
Introduction | p. 128 |
Characteristics of Persons | p. 132 |
Characteristics of Place | p. 152 |
Characteristics of Time | p. 163 |
Conclusion | p. 169 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 169 |
Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected Health Problem | p. 176 |
Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology | p. 179 |
Introduction | p. 180 |
Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data | p. 181 |
Computerized Bibliographic Databases | p. 182 |
Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage | p. 182 |
Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System | p. 190 |
Reportable Disease Statistics | p. 191 |
Screening Surveys | p. 197 |
Disease Registries | p. 198 |
Morbidity Surveys of the General Population | p. 198 |
Insurance Data | p. 201 |
Hospital Data | p. 203 |
Diseases Treated in Special Clinics and Hospitals | p. 203 |
Data from Physicians' Practices | p. 205 |
Absenteeism Data | p. 206 |
School Health Programs | p. 206 |
Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and Veterans | p. 207 |
Other Sources of Data Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies | p. 208 |
Conclusion | p. 209 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 209 |
Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control | p. 213 |
Introduction | p. 214 |
Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in Epidemiology | p. 215 |
Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology | p. 216 |
Ecologic Studies | p. 220 |
Cross-Sectional Studies | p. 227 |
Case-Control Studies | p. 234 |
Conclusion | p. 247 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 248 |
Study Designs: Cohort Studies | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 254 |
Cohort Studies Defined | p. 254 |
Sampling and Cohort Formation Options | p. 264 |
Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs | p. 269 |
Practical Considerations | p. 272 |
Measures of Interpretation and Examples | p. 276 |
Nested Case-Control Studies | p. 284 |
Summary of Cohort Studies | p. 286 |
Comparisons of Observational Designs | p. 287 |
Conclusion | p. 287 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 290 |
Experimental Study Designs | p. 295 |
Introduction | p. 296 |
Hierarchy of Study Designs | p. 296 |
Intervention Studies | p. 298 |
Clinical Trials | p. 299 |
Community Trials | p. 311 |
Conclusion | p. 321 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 323 |
Measures of Effect | p. 327 |
Introduction | p. 328 |
Absolute Effects | p. 328 |
Relative Effects | p. 331 |
Statistical Measures of Effect | p. 336 |
Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations | p. 339 |
Conclusion | p. 341 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 342 |
Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety | p. 344 |
Data Interpretation Issues | p. 345 |
Introduction | p. 346 |
Validity of Study Designs | p. 346 |
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research | p. 350 |
Techniques to Reduce Bias | p. 355 |
Methods To Control Confounding | p. 358 |
Bias in Analysis and Publication | p. 362 |
Conclusion | p. 363 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 364 |
Screening for Disease in the Community | p. 369 |
Introduction | p. 370 |
Screening for Disease | p. 370 |
Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs | p. 374 |
Characteristics of a Good Screening Test | p. 377 |
Evaluation of Screening Tests | p. 377 |
Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity | p. 381 |
Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests | p. 382 |
Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results | p. 384 |
Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity | p. 386 |
Evaluation of Screening Programs | p. 388 |
Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality | p. 389 |
Conclusion | p. 392 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 392 |
Data for Problem 6 | p. 396 |
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases | p. 397 |
Introduction | p. 398 |
Agents of Infectious Disease | p. 399 |
Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents | p. 401 |
Host | p. 402 |
The Environment | p. 404 |
Means of Transmission-Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir | p. 405 |
Measures of Disease Outbreaks | p. 411 |
Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks | p. 415 |
Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the Community | p. 416 |
Conclusion | p. 437 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 441 |
Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a College Cafeteria | p. 444 |
Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment | p. 445 |
Introduction | p. 446 |
Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards | p. 447 |
Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology | p. 447 |
Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology | p. 450 |
Types of Agents | p. 452 |
Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting | p. 458 |
Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards | p. 460 |
Conclusion | p. 468 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 468 |
Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology | p. 475 |
Introduction | p. 476 |
Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic Epidemiology | p. 477 |
Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors | p. 485 |
Causes of Familial Aggregation | p. 485 |
Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation | p. 487 |
Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis | p. 490 |
Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs | p. 497 |
Genetics and Public Health | p. 504 |
Conclusion | p. 507 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 507 |
Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology | p. 513 |
Introduction | p. 514 |
Research Designs Used in Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology | p. 518 |
The Social Context of Health | p. 519 |
Independent Variables | p. 520 |
Moderating Factors in the Stress-Illness Relationship | p. 526 |
Outcome Variables: Physical Health, Mental Health, Affective States | p. 537 |
Conclusion | p. 543 |
Study Questions and Exercises | p. 543 |
Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article | p. 551 |
Answers to Selected Study Questions | p. 557 |
Glossary | p. 567 |
Index | p. 585 |
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