Human Variation Races, Types, and Ethnic

This classic introduction to human variation has been updated to include the issues and controversies facing the contemporary study of diversity.Covers the adaptation of complex traits; how the race concept shapes our perspective of health and disease; the distribution of human differences; and human variability and behavior.For those studying anthropology, biology, evolution, or human variation or human diversity.

Stephen Molnar is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at WashingtonUniversity.

Preface

xiii

Biological Diversity and the Race Concept: An Introduction

1

(32)

Human Variation: Its Discovery and Classification

3

(5)

Anthropometry: The Measures of Human Variation

8

(7)

Eugenics

15

(3)

Racial Boundaries: Fact or Fiction?

18

(6)

Race, Geography, and Origins

24

(4)

Confusions and Contradictions of Human Classification

28

(4)

Human Biological Variability: A Perspective

32

(1)

The Biological Basis for Human Variation

33

(52)

Principles of Inheritance

34

(12)

Formal Human Genetics

46

(8)

Factors of Variation and Evolution

54

(9)

The Gene, DNA, and the ``Code of Life''

63

(10)

Chromosomes at the Molecular Level

73

(4)

Gene Clusters and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

77

(3)

Y-Chromosome DNA Polymorphisms

80

(1)

Mitochondrial DNA

81

(2)

Genes and Populations: A Summary

83

(2)

Traits of Simple Inheritance I: Blood Groups and Proteins

85

(49)

Blood Components and Inherited Traits

86

(1)

The Blood Groups

87

(21)

The Blood Groups: An Overview

108

(1)

White Blood Cell (WBC) Antigens

109

(4)

Polymorphisms of Serum Proteins

113

(5)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

118

(13)

Other Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest

131

(2)

Traits of Simple Inheritance: Some Conclusions

133

(1)

Traits of Simple Inheritance II: Hemoglobin Variants and DNA Markers

134

(41)

Hemoglobins: Normal and Abnormal

135

(6)

Distribution of Hemoglobin S

141

(4)

Malaria and Natural Selection

145

(3)

Other Abnormal Hemoglobins

148

(4)

The Enzyme G6PD (Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase)

152

(3)

Distribution of Red-Cell Variants in Sardinian Populations

155

(1)

Gene Frequency Changes and African Americans

156

(2)

DNA Markers of Human Variation

158

(15)

Genetic Markers at the DNA Level: Some Conclusions

173

(2)

Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: I

175

(40)

The Structure and Function of Skin

176

(6)

Skin Color, Geography, and Natural Selection

182

(9)

Skin Color and Evolution

191

(2)

Craniofacial Traits

193

(10)

Eye Color and Hair Color

203

(2)

Human Form and Its Variability

205

(8)

Body Size and Form: Perspectives of Heredity

213

(2)

Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: II

215

(54)

Characteristics of Growth and Development

216

(18)

Nutritional Influences

234

(12)

Adaptation to Cold or Hot Environments

246

(11)

High Altitude Environments: Stresses and Responses

257

(10)

Conclusions: Complex Traits and Their Adaptations

267

(2)

Human Variability, Behavior, and Racism

269

(40)

Race, Nations, and Racism

271

(6)

Intelligence Quotient: A Measure of Mental Ability?

277

(15)

Behavior and Inheritance or Inheritance of Behavior

292

(9)

Class and Caste

301

(5)

Genetics, Intelligence, and the Future

306

(3)

Distribution of Human Biodiversity

309

(34)

Some Factors Contributing to Gene Distribution

311

(3)

Races, Ethnic Groups, or Breeding Populations

314

(11)

Breeding Populations

325

(12)

Clinal Distribution of Traits

337

(3)

Breeding Populations versus Clines

340

(3)

Perspectives of Health and Human Diversity: Influences of the Race Concept

343

(27)

Epidemiological Transition: The Distribution and Type of Disease

346

(13)

The Developing World and Epidemiological Transitions

359

(3)

A New World, but Old Diseases

362

(2)

What Is a Race?

364

(4)

Genes, Races, Environments, and Diseases: Some Conclusions

368

(2)

Changing Dimensions of the Human Species

370

(32)

Population Size and Growth: Historical Perspectives

371

(4)

Factors of Population Change

375

(8)

Empowerment of Women

383

(3)

Fertility Differences and Population Composition

386

(2)

Demographic Balances

388

(5)

Regional Changes of World Populations

393

(5)

Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups: Where Are We?

398

(4)

References

402

(18)

Glossary

420

(5)

Index

425

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Human Variation Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials