Interpersonal Communication

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ISBN: 9780195170740 | 0195170741
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/28/2003

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"Now in its sixth edition, Interpersonal Communication continues to help students learn the skills needed to communicate effectively in an increasingly complex environment, while interweaving the most current research and important theories in interpersonal communication."--BOOK JACKET.

Preface

xvii

PART 1 INTRODUCTORY PERSPECTIVES

(46)

1 Introduction: Communication and Competence

(20)

What Is Communication?

(2)

Definitions of Human Communication

(1)

Characteristics of Communication

(1)

BOX 1.1 Bonzo Goes to College: Attempts to Teach Language to Primates

(10)

A Model of Communicative Competence

(6)

Individual Knowledge and Communicative Competence

(4)

Social Context and Communicative Competence

(1)

BOX 1.2 Insulting the Meat: An Interpersonal Communication Ritual

(7)

The Link Between Process and Performance

(2)

Skill Building: On Taking a Process Perspective

(1)

Process to Performance

(4)

Review Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Topics for Discussion

(1)

Observation Guide

(1)

Exercises

(2)

2 Interpersonal Communication: Building Relationships

(24)

What Is Interpersonal Communication? The Nature of Dyads

(3)

The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Relationships

(1)

BOX 2.1 The Neuroscience of Love: Why We Need Relationships

(12)

What Is a Relationship?

(2)

The Characteristics of Relationships

(4)

Relational Paths: Intimacy and Distance

(4)

Interpersonal Profiles: Private and Public Paths

(3)

Independence vs. Conformity: A Basic Interpersonal Dilemma

(1)

Building Relationships: What Does It Take to Be Relationally Competent?

(1)

Communication Competence and Relationships

(1)

BOX 2.2 Mind Your Manners: Some Social Functions of Etiquette

(11)

Some Characteristics of Healthy Relationships

(1)

Skill Building: A Preview

(1)

Process to Performance

(8)

Review Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Topics for Discussion

(1)

Observation Guide

(1)

Exercises

(3)

PART 2: SENDING AND RECEIVING MESSAGES

(90)

3 Nonverbal Competence

(34)

What Is Nonverbal Communication?

(3)

Spontaneous Communication

(1)

Symbolic Communication

(1)

The Power of Nonverbal Codes

(1)

The Functions of Nonverbal Codes: Three Ways to Use Them

(2)

Expressing Meaning

(1)

Modifying Verbal Messages

(1)

Regulating the Flow of Interaction

(1)

The Structure of Nonverbal Codes: Seven Channels for Message Making

(13)

Proxemics

(3)

Physical Appearance

(2)

Gaze

(2)

BOX 3.1 The "Guarded Self": How to Avoid Being Seen in Public

(6)

Facial Expression

(3)

Kinesics

(3)

BOX 3.2 A Nonlinear History of Handshaking

(15)

Vocalics

(2)

Tactile Communication

(1)

Balancing Nonverbal Codes: Compensating and Reciprocating

(2)

Equilibrium Theory

(1)

Compensating and Reciprocating in Everyday Life

(1)

The Interplay of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

(2)

Skill Building: Communicating Feelings

(3)

Expressing Feelings

(2)

Reflecting Feelings

(1)

Process to Performance

(6)

Review Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Topics for Discussion

(1)

Observation Guide

(1)

Exercises

(3)

4 Verbal Competence

(30)

What Is Language?

(3)

Differences Between the Verbal and Nonverbal Codes

(2)

Characteristics of the Verbal Code

(1)

The Functions of Language

(1)

The Structure of Language: Three Levels of Meaning

(6)

Semantic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Word

(2)

Syntactic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Utterance

(1)

Pragmatic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Speech Act

(3)

Language, Power, and Politics

(5)

Linguistic Determinism: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

(1)

Language, Thought, and Action: Language and Naming

(1)

BOX 4.1 Speaking with Names: An Apache Language Ritual

(3)

Group Membership and Language Use: Discourse and Identity

(1)

BOX 4.2 Talking Tough in Teamsterville: Male Role Enactment in an Urban Community

(14)

Skill Building: Initiating Conversation

104

(4)

Initiating Talk

106

(1)

Using Free Information During Conversation

107

(1)

Closing Conversations

107

(1)

Process to Performance

108

(6)

Review Terms

108

(1)

Suggested Readings

108

(1)

Topics for Discussion

109

(1)

Observation Guide

110

(1)

Exercises

110

(3)

5 Relational Competence

113

(24)

What Are Relational Messages?

114

(2)

The Nature of Relational Messages

114

(1)

Sending Relational Messages

114

(1)

Relational Messages and Relational Definitions

115

(1)

The Content of Relational Messages

116

(5)

Sending Dominance Messages

116

(3)

Indicating Emotional Tone

119

(1)

Showing Similarity

119

(1)

Defining Episodes

119

(1)

Indicating Intimacy

119

(2)

How Relational Messages Affect Us

121

(1)

Confirming and Disconfirming Messages

121

(1)

Paradoxes and Double Binds

121

(1)

BOX 5.1 Netiquette: Common Courtesy Online

122

(8)

Pragmatic Patterns and Relational Sequences

125

(4)

Looking for Meaning in Patterns

125

(1)

Patterns vs. People: The Locus of Dyadic Communication

126

(1)

The Problem of Punctuation

127

(1)

Types of Patterns

127

(2)

Skill Building: Empathy and Perspective-Taking

129

(1)

BOX 5.2 Schismogenesis: Patterns of Role Differentiation in a New Guinea Village

130

(9)

Process to Performance

132

(8)

Review Terms

132

(1)

Suggested Readings

133

(1)

Topics for Discussion

133

(1)

Observation Guide

134

(1)

Exercises

134

(3)

PART 3: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES

137

(110)

6 Interpretive Competence: How We Perceive Individuals, Relationships, and Social Events

139

(36)

Why Is Social Cognition Important in Interpersonal Communication?

140

(3)

Social Cognition and the Reception of Messages

140

(1)

Social Cognition and Action

141

(1)

Social Cognition and Control

141

(1)

Communication and Changes in Social Cognitions

142

(1)

The Structure of Social Cognition

143

(3)

How the Mind Works

144

(1)

Types of Cognitive Structures

144

(2)

The Perceptual Process: An Overview

146

(4)

Creating Structure, Stability, and Meaning

146

(2)

Selective Exposure and Attention

148

(1)

Interpreting and Organizing Stimuli

149

(1)

BOX 6.1 Perception Goes to the Movies: How Cinematographers Influence What We See

150

(16)

Four Processes in Interpersonal Perception

152

(13)

Sizing Up Situations

152

(3)

Sizing Up People

155

(4)

Sizing Up Relationships

159

(1)

Explaining Behavior: Attribution Theories

160

(5)

Skill Building: Becoming a Competent Listener

165

(1)

BOX 6.2 Interpretive Competence: Making Sense by Using Reflections and Interpretations

166

(9)

Types of Listening

167

(1)

Developing Listening Skills

168

(2)

Process to Performance

170

(5)

Review Terms

170

(1)

Suggested Readings

170

(1)

Topics for Discussion

171

(1)

Observation Guide

172

(1)

Exercises

172

(3)

7 Role Competence: Adapting to Social Expectations

175

(18)

Being Part of the Group: Following Social Rules

175

(3)

Social Control and Conformity Pressures

176

(1)

The Nature of Social Roles

176

(2)

BOX 7.1 They Just Like to Be Not the Same as Us: Play Patterns and the Development of Sex Role Identities

178

(8)

Choosing Our Roles

178

(3)

Social Support and Role Identity

179

(1)

Commitment and Role Identity

180

(1)

Rewards and Role Identity

181

(1)

How Social Roles Affect Communication

181

(4)

Communication as Performance

181

(3)

Communication and Story-Telling

184

(1)

Skill Building: Becoming More Mindful

185

(1)

BOX 7.2 When is a Man a "Real Man "?

186

(7)

Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness

187

(1)

Increasing Mindfulness

188

(1)

Process to Performance

189

(5)

Review Terms

189

(1)

Suggested Readings

190

(1)

Topics for Discussion

190

(1)

Observation Guide

191

(1)

Exercises

191

(2)

8 Self Competence: Establishing Individual Identities

193

(26)

The Self in History

194

(1)

Self-Concepts: Gaining Independence from Social Roles and Rules

195

(1)

What Is the Self-Concept?

196

(1)

BOX 8.1 The Saturated Self. Will You Still Be You Tomorrow?

196

(8)

Self as Narrative

197

(2)

Self as Cognitive Schema

199

(1)

Self as Behavioral Indicators

200

(1)

Self as Relational Achievement

201

(1)

Self as Internal Dialogue

202

(1)

Individual Differences and Interpersonal Communication

203

(1)

BOX 8.2 Zen and the Art of Selfishness: "What is Your Original Face Before Your Mother and Father were Born?"

204

(15)

Communicator Style

205

(1)

Rhetorical Sensitivity

205

(2)

Communication Apprehension

207

(1)

Attachment Styles

207

(1)

Intimacy Motivation

208

(1)

Skill Building: Improving Competence Through Self-Disclosure

208

(7)

What Is Self-Disclosure?

209

(1)

General Rules for Revealing the Self

210

(2)

A Case Study in Disclosure: The Coming Out Process

212

(3)

Process to Performance

215

(5)

Review Terms

215

(1)

Suggested Readings

215

(1)

Topics for Discussion

216

(1)

Observation Guide

216

(1)

Exercises

217

(2)

9 Goal Competence: Interpersonal Influence

219

(28)

BOX 9.1 Moon for the Misbegotten. Methods of Cult Conversion

220

(18)

Communication and Strategic Interaction

221

(2)

Instrumental, Relational, and Identity Issues

222

(1)

Symbolic Role-Taking and Social Sensitivity

222

(1)

Understanding Others' Needs

223

(11)

The Need for Rewards

223

(4)

The Need for Stability and Consistency

227

(5)

The Need for Self-Respect

232

(2)

Summary: Choice and Motivation

234

(1)

Identity and Influence: Source Characteristics

234

(3)

Power and Interpersonal Influence

234

(2)

Self-Presentation Strategies

236

(1)

Influence as Self-Persuasion

237

(1)

Planning Persuasive Messages: Compliance-Gaining Strategies

237

(1)

BOX 9.2 Caveat Emptor: Techniques of Confidence Tricksters

238

(11)

Kinds of Message Strategies

239

(2)

The Structure of Requests

241

(1)

Interpersonal Influence and Goal Competence

241

(1)

Skill Building: Becoming More Assertive

242

(2)

Process to Performance

244

(6)

Review Terms

244

(1)

Suggested Readings

245

(1)

Topics for Discussion

245

(1)

Observation Guide

246

(1)

Exercises

246

(1)

RART 4: RELATIONAL CONTEXTS

247

(152)

10 Family Interaction Patterns

249

(38)

Maintaining Family Ties

250

(1)

The Family as a System: Structure and Function

251

(8)

Family Structures

252

(5)

The Functions of the Family

257

(2)

The Evolving Family: Calibrating Change

259

(1)

BOX 10.1 A Better Place to Live: How the Built Environment Shapes Family and Community Life

260

(8)

The Dynamics of Change in the Family

262

(3)

Strategies for Coping with Change

265

(1)

Families in History

266

(2)

BOX 10.2 Childhood in the 18th Century: What Shapes the Family That Shapes Us?

268

(19)

Family Communication Patterns

270

(8)

Interaction Patterns in the Family as a Whole

270

(2)

Interaction Patterns in Family Subsystems

272

(6)

Communicative Competence and the Family

278

(2)

Family and Interpretive Competence

278

(1)

Family and Role Competence

278

(1)

Family and Goal Competence

279

(1)

Family and Self Competence

279

(1)

Family and Message Competence

279

(1)

Skill Building: Communicating to Comfort

280

(2)

Process to Performance

282

(6)

Review Terms

282

(1)

Suggested Readings

282

(1)

Topics or Discussion

283

(1)

Observation Guide

284

(1)

Exercises

284

(3)

11 Intimate Relationships: Creating Dyadic Identities

287

(42)

Have People Always Had Intimate Relationships?

288

(1)

How Are Intimate Relationships Formed Today?

289

(1)

Defining Private Bonds

289

(1)

BOX 11.1 Cupid's Shuttlecock: Individualism and Romantic Love in 19th-century America

290

(14)

Friendships and Romantic Relationships

291

(1)

Influences in Defining Intimacy

292

(1)

The Creation of Intimate Relations

292

(4)

Interpersonal Attraction: Opening the Door

296

(3)

Duck's Filtering Theory of Attraction

296

(1)

Interpersonal Magnets: Factors That Pull Us Together and Push Us Apart

297

(2)

The Closer the Better: Revealing Self to Other

299

(5)

Stages of Development in Friendship

300

(3)

Stages of Development in Romantic Coupling

303

(1)

BOX 11.2 Playing the Dating Game: A Social History of Courtship

304

(25)

Two Close for Comfort: Relational Maintenance and Dissolution

309

(10)

Balancing Self-Identity and Relational Identity

309

(4)

Stages of Relationship Dissolution

313

(3)

Warning Signs: Gottman's "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"

316

(3)

Communicative Competence and Intimate Relations

319

(3)

Intimacy and Interpretive Competence

319

(1)

Intimacy and Role Competence

320

(1)

Intimacy and Self Competence

320

(1)

Intimacy and Goal Competence

320

(1)

Intimacy and Message Competence

320

(2)

Skill Building: Managing Interpersonal Conflict and Stress

322

(3)

Positive Aspects of Interpersonal Conflict

322

(1)

Mismanaged Conflict

323

(1)

Effective Feedback During Conflict

323

(1)

Conflict Containment

324

(1)

Process to Performance

325

(5)

Review Terms

325

(1)

Suggested Readings

325

(1)

Topics for Discussion

325

(1)

Observation Guide

326

(1)

Exercises

326

(3)

12 Professional Relationships: Communicating with Colleagues and Other Strangers

329

(36)

Interpersonal Communication in Public Situations

330

(5)

Public Realms in History

330

(1)

Interacting in the Public Realm Today

331

(4)

Communication in Our Communities

335

(1)

Space and Place: Community Design and Communication

335

(1)

Third Places: Connecting with Your Community

335

(1)

Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace

336

(14)

Sizing Up Organizational Cultures

336

(2)

BOX 12.1 The Conversational Organization

338

(12)

Making the Team

342

(4)

Serving the Customer

346

(2)

Drawing the Line on Relationships

348

(1)

Managing the Office Romance

349

(1)

BOX 12.2 "Sorry, I'm Not Apologizing": Conversational Rituals Between Women and Men at Work

350

(15)

Deciphering the Boundaries Between Home, Work, and Community

350

(2)

Communicative Competence and Professional Relationships

352

(2)

Professional Relationships and Interpretive Competence

352

(1)

Professional Relationships and Role Competence

352

(1)

Professional Relationships and Self Competence

353

(1)

Professional Relationships and Goal Competence

353

(1)

Professional Relationships and Message Competence

354

(1)

Skill Building: Creative Conflict Management and Negotiation

354

(6)

Choosing Your Conflict Style

354

(2)

Taking a Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation

356

(2)

Rules for Cooperative Problem Solving

358

(2)

Process to Performance

360

(5)

Review Terms

360

(1)

Suggested Readings

360

(1)

Topics for Discussion

361

(1)

Observation Guide

362

(1)

Exercises

362

(3)

13 Cultural and Historical Influences: Communication Competence in Context

365

(34)

Cultural Influences

365

(10)

How Cultures Differ

366

(3)

American Cultural Patterns

369

(1)

BOX 13.1 When East Meets West: Hidden Differences in Corporate Communication Styles

370

(5)

Ethnic, Regional, and Class Differences

372

(2)

Communicating Across Culture

374

(1)

BOX 13.2 If You Can't Stand the Shame, Don't Play the Game: Playing the Dozens as a Conflict-Reducing Ritual

375

(24)

Barriers to Intercultural Understanding

377

(4)

Communicative Competence and Culture

381

(3)

Culture and Interpretive Competence

382

(1)

Culture and Role Competence

382

(1)

Culture and Goal Competence

383

(1)

Culture and Self Competence

383

(1)

Culture and Message Competence

384

(1)

Historical Influences

384

(8)

The Colonial Period (1600-1780)

385

(2)

The Early Industrial Period (1830-1880)

387

(3)

The Modern Period (1900-1960)

390

(2)

Communicative Competence and Historical Change

392

(2)

History and Interpretive Competence

392

(1)

History and Role Competence

393

(1)

History and Goal Competence

393

(1)

History and Self Competence

394

(1)

History and Message Competence

394

(1)

Skill Building: Increasing Sensitivity to Context

394

(2)

Adapting to International Differences

395

(1)

Increasing Subcultural Understanding

395

(1)

Process to Performance

396

(3)

Review Terms

396

(1)

Suggested Readings

397

(1)

Topics for Discussion

397

(1)

Observation Guide

398

(1)

Exercises

398

(1)

References

399

(24)

Indexes

423

(10)

Illustration Credits

433

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Interpersonal Communication

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials