Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings

Introduce your students to philosophy with the most widely used, trusted, and comprehensive topically organized collection of classical and contemporary readings available.

Easy to use for both students and instructors, Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings incorporates boldfaced key terms (listed after each reading and defined in the glossary), a "Logical Toolkit," a guide to writing philosophy papers, and study questions after each reading selection. The eighth edition features nine new selections that broaden the book's scope to include work by non-Western philosophers and contemporary women philosophers.

John Perry is Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside.

Michael Bratman is U.G. and Abbie Birch Durfee Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University.

John Martin Fischer is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Riverside, and University Professor in the University of California system.

*=New to this Edition
Preface
PART I: PHILOSOPHY
Logical Toolkit
Writing Philosophy Papers
1. Bertrand Russell, "The Value of Philosophy"
2. Plato, "Apology: Defence of Socrates"
PART II: GOD AND EVIL
A. Why Believe?
3. Saint Anselm, "The Ontological Argument"
4. Saint Thomas Aquinas, "The Existence of God"
5. William Paley, "Natural Theology"
6. Blaise Pascal, "The Wager"
B. The Problem of Evil
7. David Hume, "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion"
8. Gottfried Leibniz, "God, Evil, and the Best of All Possible Worlds"
* 9. William L. Rowe, "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism"
10. John Perry, "Dialogue on Good, Evil, and the Existence of God"
11. Marilyn McCord Adams, "Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God"
12. Stewart Sutherland, "Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God"
13. Eleonore Stump, "The Mirror of Evil"
14. Louise Antony, "For the Love of Reason"
PART III: KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY
A. Plato, Descartes, and the Problems of Skepticism
* 15. Plato, "Plato's Allegory of the Cave"
16. René Descartes, "Meditations on First Philosophy"
* 17. Zhuangzi, "Excerpts from Zhuangzi"
18. Christopher Grau, "Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix"
B. Hume's Problems and Some Solutions
19. David Hume, "Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses"
20. David Hume, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"
21. W. C. Salmon, "The Problem of Induction"
PART IV: MINDS, BODIES, AND PERSONS
A. The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body
22. Bertrand Russell, "The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds"
23. Gilbert Ryle, "Descartes's Myth"
24. David M. Armstrong, "The Nature of Mind"
25. Paul M. Churchland, "Eliminative Materialism"
26. Frank Jackson, "What Mary Didn't Know"
* 27. Patricia Churchland, "Neurophilosophy"
B. Minds, Brains, and Machines
28. A. M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
29. John R. Searle, "Minds, Brains, and Programs"
C. Personal Identity
30. John Perry, "A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality"
31. Bernard Williams, "The Self and the Future"
32. Derek Parfit, "Personal Identity"
33. J. David Velleman, "So It Goes"
34. Daniel Dennett, "Where Am I?"
* 35. Marya Schechtman, "Personhood and Personal Identity"
* 36. Agnieszka Jaworska, "Rejecting the Margins of Agency: Alzheimer's Patients and the Capacity to Value"
D. Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility
37. Roderick M. Chisholm, "Human Freedom and the Self"
38. David Hume, "Of Liberty and Necessity"
39. Harry G. Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility"
40. John Martin Fischer, "Responsiveness and Moral Responsibility"
41. Harry G. Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"
42. Gary Watson," Free Agency"
43. Susan Wolf, "Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility"
PART V: ETHICS AND SOCIETY
A. Utilitarianism
44. Jeremy Bentham, "The Principle of Utility"
45. John Stuart Mill, "Utilitarianism"
46. E. F. Carritt, "Criticisms of Utilitarianism"
47. J. J. C. Smart, "Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism"
48. Bernard Williams, "Utilitarianism and Integrity"
* 49. Mozi, "Excerpts from Mozi"
50. Peter Singer, "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"
B. Kantian Ethics
51. Immanuel Kant, "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals"
52. Onora O'Neill, "Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems"
C. Aristotelian Ethics
53. Aristotle, "Nicomachean Ethics"
54. Rosalind Hursthouse, "Right Action"
D. Justice and Equality
55. John Rawls, "A Theory of Justice"
56. Robert Nozick, "Justice and Entitlement"
57. G. A. Cohen, "Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice"
58. John Stuart Mill, "The Subjection of Women"
59. Annette Baier, "The Need for More Than Justice"
E. Contemporary Moral Problems
60. Judith Jarvis Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion"
61. Rosalind Hursthouse, "Thomson's Arguments"
62. Debra Satz, "Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor"
63. Kwame Anthony Appiah, "Racisms"
64. Linda Martin Alcoff, "Racism and Visible Race"
PART VI: EXISTENTIAL ISSUES
65. Albert Camus, "The Myth of Sisyphus"
66. Thomas Nagel, "The Absurd"
67. Richard Taylor, "The Meaning of Human Existence"
68. Susan Wolf, "The Meanings of Lives"
69. Thomas Nagel, "Death"
70. Anthony L. Brueckner and John Martin Fischer, "Why Is Death Bad?"
* 71. Amy Olberding, "Sorrow and the Sage: Grief in the Zhuangzi"
* 72. Jenann Ismael, "The Ethical Importance of Death"
73. Dan Moller, "Love and Death"
PART VII: PUZZLES AND PARADOXES
A. Zeno's Paradoxes
Achilles and the Tortoise
The Racecourse
The Argument Against Plurality
B. Metaphysical and Epistemological Puzzles and Paradoxes
The Paradox of Identity
The Paradox of the Heap
The Surprise Examination
Goodman's New Riddle of Induction
C. Puzzles of Rational Choice
The Prisoner's Dilemma
Newcomb's Problem
Kavka's Toxin Puzzle
Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer
D. Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics
The Paradox of the Liar
Other Versions of the Liar
Russell's Paradox
Grelling's Paradox
E. Puzzles of Ethics
The Trolley Problem
Ducking Harm and Sacrificing Others
Glossary of Philosophical Terms