Introduction to Research

, by Depoy, Elizabeth, Ph.D.; Gitlin, Laura N., Ph.D.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780815109792 | 0815109792
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/1998

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This introductory textbook demystifies the research process, providing a foundation from which to critique and understand research designs and their applications to healthcare settings. Covering both quantitative and qualitative research it is divided into three parts. The first gives the philosophical background of research, while the other two cover the thinking and action processes of research. Throughout the text the value of multiple research strategies are emphasised. An innovative and practical text for undergraduates in any of the allied health therapies.

PART I Introduction

(23)

Chapter 1 Research as an important way of knowing

(12)

Why is research necessary?

(2)

What is research?

(7)

Research as multiple systematic strategies

(1)

Research as thought and action processes

(1)

Deductive reasoning and actions

(1)

Inductive reasoning and actions

(1)

Abductive reasoning and actions

(1)

Differences in knowledge

(1)

Research as four basic characteristics

(1)

Logical

(1)

Understandable

(1)

Confirmable

(1)

Useful

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Chapter 2 Essentials of research

(11)

Ten essentials of research

(7)

Identify a philosophical foundation

(2)

Frame a research problem

(1)

Determine supporting knowledge

(1)

Identify a theory base

(1)

Develop a specific question or query

(1)

Select a design strategy

(1)

Set study boundaries

(1)

Obtain information

(1)

Analyze information and draw conclusions

(1)

Report and disseminate conclusions

(1)

Ethical considerations

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

PART II Thinking processes

(83)

Chapter 3 Philosophical foundations

(13)

Philosophical foundation of experimental-type research

(1)

Philosophical foundation of naturalistic inquiry

(1)

Implications of philosophical differences for design

(1)

Research traditions

(2)

Experimental-type

(1)

Naturalistic inquiry

(1)

Integrating two research traditions

(4)

Selecting a research tradition and design strategy

(2)

Purpose of research

(2)

Preference for knowing

(1)

Level of knowledge development

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Chapter 4 Framing the problem

(8)

Identifying a topic

(3)

Professional experience

(1)

Societal trends

(1)

Professional trends

(1)

Research studies

(1)

Existing theory

(1)

Framing a research problem

(2)

Interest, relevance, and need

(1)

Research purpose

(1)

Descriptive

(1)

Explanatory

(1)

Predictive

(1)

Epistemology-preferred way of knowing

(1)

Resources

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Chapter 5 Developing a knowledge base through review of the literature

(15)

Why review the literature?

(3)

Determine what research has been conducted on the topic of inquiry

(1)

Determine level of theory and knowledge development relevant to your project

(1)

Level of knowledge

(1)

How knowledge is generated

(1)

Boundaries of a study

(1)

Determine relevance of the current knowledge base to your problem area

(1)

Provide a rationale for selection of the research strategy

(1)

How to conduct a literature search

(9)

Step 1: Determine when to conduct a search

(1)

Step 2: Delimit what is searched

(1)

Step 3: Access databases for periodicals, books, and documents

(1)

Searching periodicals and journals

(2)

Searching books and other documents

(1)

Step 4: Organize information

(1)

Charting the literature

(1)

Concept/construct matrix

(1)

Step 5: Critically evaluate the literature

(2)

Step 6: Write the literature review

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Chapter 6 Theory in research

(12)

Why is theory important?

(1)

What is theory?

(3)

Levels of abstraction

(2)

Levels of abstraction and design selection

(1)

Role of theory in design selection

(1)

Theory in experimental-type inquiry

(2)

Theory in naturalistic inquiry

(2)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Chapter 7 Formulating research questions and queries

(14)

Research questions in experimental-type design

(5)

Questions that seek to describe phenomena

(2)

Questions that explore relationships among phenomena

(1)

Questions that test knowledge

(1)

Hypotheses

(1)

Research queries in naturalistic inquiry

(5)

Classical ethnography

(1)

Phenomenology

(1)

Grounded theory

(1)

Differences in approaches

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Chapter 8 Language and thinking processes

(21)

Experimental-type language and thinking processes

(1)

Sequence of experimental-type research

(1)

Structure of experimental-type research

(2)

Concepts

(1)

Constructs

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Variables

(1)

Hypotheses

(1)

Plan of design

(8)

Bias

(1)

Manipulation

(1)

Control

(1)

Validity

(4)

Reliability

(1)

Naturalistic language and thinking processes

100

(5)

Purpose

100

(1)

Context specific

100

(1)

Complexity and pluralistic perspective of reality

101

(1)

Transferability of findings

101

(1)

Flexibility

102

(1)

Language

102

(1)

Emic and ethic perspectives

103

(1)

Gathering information and analysis

104

(1)

Summary

105

(1)

Exercises

105

(3)

PART III Design approaches

108

(39)

Chapter 9 Experimental-type designs

108

(19)

True-experimental designs

109

(3)

Randomization

110

(1)

Control group

111

(1)

Manipulation

112

(1)

Variations of experimental designs

112

(4)

Posttest-only designs

112

(1)

Solomon four-group designs

113

(1)

Factorial designs

114

(1)

Counterbalance designs

114

(2)

Quasi-experimental designs

116

(2)

Nonequivalent control group designs

117

(1)

Interrupted time series designs

117

(1)

Pre-experimental designs

118

(2)

One-shot case study

119

(1)

Pretest-posttest design

119

(1)

Static group comparison

119

(1)

Non-experimental designs

120

(2)

Survey designs

120

(1)

Passive observation designs

121

(1)

Ex post facto designs

121

(1)

Criteria for selecting appropriate and adequate designs

122

(2)

Examining outcomes of intervention

124

(1)

Summary

125

(1)

Exercises

125

(2)

Chapter 10 Naturalistic inquiry

127

(14)

Endogenous research

128

(2)

Participatory action research

130

(2)

Critical theory

132

(1)

Phenomenology

133

(1)

Heuristic research

134

(1)

Life history

134

(2)

Ethnography

136

(1)

Grounded theory

137

(1)

Summary

138

(1)

Exercises

139

(2)

Chapter 11 Case study designs

141

(8)

What is a case study?

142

(1)

Structure of case studies

142

(2)

Design sequence

144

(3)

Summary

147

(1)

Exercises

147

(2)

PART IV Action processes

149

(154)

Chapter 12 Setting the boundaries of a study

149

(13)

Why set boundaries to a study?

150

(2)

Involving humans in research

152

(3)

Full disclosure

153

(1)

Confidentiality

154

(1)

Voluntary participation

154

(1)

Institutional Review Board procedures

155

(2)

Informed consent

157

(2)

Subjects, respondents, informants, or participants

159

(1)

Summary

159

(1)

Exercises

160

(2)

Chapter 13 Boundary setting in experimental-type designs

162

(14)

Sampling process

163

(2)

Probability sampling

165

(5)

Simple random sampling

168

(1)

Systematic sampling

169

(1)

Stratified random sampling

169

(1)

Cluster sampling

170

(1)

Nonprobability methods

170

(2)

Convenience sampling

171

(1)

Purposive sampling

171

(1)

Snowball sampling

172

(1)

Quota sampling

172

(1)

Comparison of sample and population

172

(1)

Determining sample size

173

(1)

Summary

174

(1)

Exercises

175

(1)

Chapter 14 Boundary setting in naturalistic designs

176

(10)

Ways of setting boundaries

177

(2)

Geographical location

177

(1)

Cultural groups

177

(1)

Personal experience

178

(1)

Concepts

178

(1)

Involving research participants

179

(4)

Maximum variation

181

(1)

Homogeneous selection

181

(1)

Theory-based selection

181

(1)

Confirming and disconfirming cases

182

(1)

Extreme or deviant case

182

(1)

Typical case

182

(1)

How many study participants?

182

(1)

Process of setting boundaries and selecting informants

183

(1)

Summary

184

(1)

Exercises

185

(1)

Chapter 15 Collecting information

186

(8)

Principles of collecting information

187

(1)

Watching, listening, and recording

188

(1)

Asking

189

(2)

Interviews

189

(1)

Questionnaires

190

(1)

Obtaining and examining materials

191

(2)

Unobtrusive methodology

192

(1)

Artifact review

192

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Exercises

193

(1)

Chapter 16 Measurement in experimental-type research

194

(17)

Measurement process

195

(1)

Levels of measurement

196

(3)

Nominal

197

(1)

Ordinal

197

(1)

Interval

198

(1)

Ratio

198

(1)

Types of measure

199

(2)

Likert-type scale

199

(1)

Guttman scale

200

(1)

Semantic differential

201

(1)

Confidence in instruments

201

(6)

Reliability

201

(2)

Stability

203

(1)

Tests of internal consistency

203

(1)

Equivalence

204

(1)

Validity

204

(2)

Content validity

206

(1)

Criterion validity

206

(1)

Construct validity

207

(1)

Practical considerations

207

(1)

Instrument construction

207

(1)

Administering the instrument

208

(1)

Summary

209

(1)

Exercises

210

(1)

Chapter 17 Gathering information in naturalistic inquiry

211

(24)

Four principles

212

(4)

Investigator involvement

212

(1)

Gathering and analyzing information

213

(1)

Time commitment in the field

214

(1)

Multiple data-gathering strategies

215

(1)

The process

216

(3)

Context selection and getting in the field

216

(2)

Learning the ropes

218

(1)

Data-gathering strategies

219

(6)

Watching and listening

219

(2)

Asking

221

(2)

Four components of asking

223

(1)

Access

223

(1)

Description

223

(1)

Focus

223

(1)

Verification

224

(1)

Examining materials

224

(1)

Recording information

225

(3)

Field notes

225

(3)

Audiotape

227

(1)

Videotape

227

(1)

Accuracy in data collection

228

(4)

Multiple data gathers

228

(1)

Triangulation

229

(1)

Saturation

229

(1)

Member checks

229

(1)

Reflexivity

230

(2)

Audit trail

232

(1)

Peer debriefing

232

(1)

Summary

232

(1)

Exercises

233

(2)

Chapter 18 Preparing data for analysis

235

(11)

Approaches in experimental-type research

236

(4)

Approaches in naturalistic inquiry

240

(4)

Summary

244

(1)

Exercises

244

(2)

Chapter 19 Statistical analysis for experimental-type research

246

(26)

What is statistical analysis?

247

(2)

Level 1: Descriptive statistics

249

(11)

Frequency distribution

249

(3)

Measures of central tendency

252

(1)

Mode

253

(1)

Median

253

(1)

Mean

254

(1)

Measures of variability

255

(1)

Range

256

(1)

Interquartile range

256

(1)

Sum of squares

257

(1)

Variance

257

(1)

Standard deviation

257

(1)

Bivariate descriptive statistics

258

(1)

Contingency tables

258

(1)

Correlational analysis

259

(1)

Level 2: Drawing inferences

260

(9)

Action 1: State the hypothesis

262

(1)

Action 2: Select a significance level

263

(1)

One-and two-tailed levels of significance

263

(1)

Type I error

264

(1)

Type II error

264

(1)

Action 3: Compute a calculated value

264

(1)

Parametric statistics

264

(3)

Nonparametric statistics

267

(1)

Choose a statistical test

268

(1)

Action 4: Obtain a critical value

268

(1)

Action 5: Reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis

268

(1)

Level 3: Association and relationships

269

(1)

Summary

270

(1)

Exercises

271

(1)

Chapter 20 Analysis in naturalistic inquiry

272

(15)

Stage one: Analysis in the field

274

(5)

Inductive and abductive thinking process

275

(1)

Developing categories

276

(2)

Developing taxonomies

278

(1)

Discovering underlying themes

278

(1)

Stage two: Formal report writing

279

(1)

Examples of the analytical processes

280

(3)

Grounded theory

280

(1)

Ethnography

280

(3)

Accuracy and rigor in analysis

283

(2)

Triangulation

283

(1)

Saturation

284

(1)

Member checks

284

(1)

Reflexivity

284

(1)

Audit trail

284

(1)

Peer debriefing

284

(1)

Summary

285

(1)

Exercises

285

(2)

Chapter 21 Reporting and disseminating conclusions

287

(10)

Principles for writing

288

(2)

Clarity

288

(1)

Purpose

288

(1)

Audience specific

289

(1)

Citations

289

(1)

Writing an experimental-type report

290

(1)

Writing a naturalistic report

291

(3)

Ethnography

293

(1)

Phenomenology

294

(1)

Writing an integrated report

294

(1)

Dissemination

294

(1)

Sharing written reports

294

(1)

Publishing your work

295

(1)

Sharing your research through other methods

295

(1)

Summary

295

(1)

Exercises

296

(1)

Chapter 22 Stories from the field

297

(6)

Just beginning

298

(1)

"I'll do it for you, sweetie,"

298

(1)

In search of significance!

299

(1)

Is health care effective?

299

(1)

Elevator insight

299

(1)

A "good" research subject

299

(1)

A "bad" research subject

300

(1)

Wow, you got it!

300

(3)

Glossary

303

(12)

Index

315

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Introduction to Research

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials